1.Time versus Man
Time lays its authority on a man but if the man accepts time's authority unresistingly, his history has no brilliance: it is a dead thing.
ေခတ္သည္လူကုိ ဩဇာေပးတတ္သည္၊လူသည္ေခတ္၏ဩဇာကုိနာခံ၍ ေရလုိက္ ငါးလုိက္ေနသည္ရွိေသာ္ လူ႔သမုိင္းသည္ ထြန္းေျပာင္ျခင္းမရွိ၊ အေသကဲ့သုိ႔ျဖစ္၏။
A man can rebel against time, but although in their struggle men wrestle inconclusively, human history advances -- it gains brilliance .
သုိ႔ေသာ္လူသည္ ေခတ္ကုိေတာ္လွန္တတ္သည္။ဤသုိ႔ေတာ္လွန္ရာ၌ လူႏွင့္ ေခတ္တုိ႔သည္ ဘတစ္ျပန္ က်ားတစ္ျပန္ နပန္း သတ္ၾကသည္။ထုိအခါ လူ႔သမုိင္း သည္ တုိးတက္လာသည္။ထြန္းေျပာင္လာသည္။
Throughout the course of Burmese history the holders of supreme power had never been other than people of Burma.
ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္သမုိင္းတေလွ်ာက္တြင္အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာပုိင္ နုိင္ငံသားအျဖစ္ ႏွင့္သာ လူျဖစ္ခဲ့ၾကရသည္။
Generally, however, if we look at history with open eyes, we will find that the unity of the peoples of Burma has been broken from time to time and it has sometimes come to seem like a collection of different sovereign kingdoms.
ကမၻာ့သမုိင္းကုိ ၿခဳံ၍ၾကည့္တတ္ေသာမ်က္စိျဖင့္ ၾကည့္လွ်င္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔၏ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္မႈသည္ မၾကာခဏ ၿပိဳကြဲပ်က္စီးခဲ့ရ သည္ကုိ အျခားအျခား ေသာ ဧကရာဇ္ ပေဒသရာဇ္နုိင္ငံမ်ားနည္းတူ ေတြ႔ရလိမ့္မည္။
The Burmese people once had to accept the chaos which was the penalty when the great kingdom of Pagan was suddenly brought down.
ပုဂံျပည္ႀကီးကုိ တရုတ္တရက္တုိ႔ ထိပါးေႏွာင့္ယွက္သျဖင့္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔ ဖရုိဖရဲ ၿပိဳ ကြဲပ်က္စီးေသာဒဏ္ကုိ ခံခဲ့ၾက ရဖူးသည္။
They had to accept the penalty of Shan domination. At Sagaing, Pinya, Ava and Myinsaing the Burmese people had to pay the cost of their disunion and of their several power centers.
´ဂငယ္သုံးခု၊ ဥသွ်စ္ထု´ ဟူေသာဆုိရုိးစကားအတုိင္း ရွမ္းတုိ႔၏လႊမ္းမုိးမႈဒဏ္ ကုိလည္းခံခဲ့ရဖူးသည္။ စစ္ကုိင္း၊ပင္းယ၊အင္း၀၊ ျမင္စုိင္းဟူ၍ ျမန္မာအခ်င္းခ်င္း အာဏာလုပဲြႀကီးမ်ားေၾကာင့္ အမ်ိဳးသား စည္းလုံး ညီညြတ္ေရး ပ်က္ျပားေသာ ဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾကရဖူးသည္။
They frequently waged war upon their own kindred and neighbours, so that they had to pay the cost of the fear of war also.
ေဆြရိပ္မ်ိဳးရိပ္မကင္းေသာ အိမ္နီးပါးခ်င္းနုိင္ငံတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မၾကာခဏစစ္ခင္းခဲ့ၾက၍ စစ္ေဘးစစ္ဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾက ရဖူးသည္။
On the other hand, they also made efforts in various ways to avoid these penalties.
သုိ႔ရာတြင္ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ထုိဒဏ္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးမွလြတ္ေျမာက္ရန္ အလုိ႔ငွာ ႀကိဳးပမ္း ခဲ့ၾကသည္ခ်ည္းပင္။
It is plain from the Chronicles that such efforts were directed towards rebuilding an all-embracing kingdom of Burma with its peoples in unity, so that the name of Burma might not be lost, with the Burmese, the Shams, the Mons and the Arakanese, it might be said, each in their turn holding the power.
သမုိင္းအစဥ္အဆက္၌ ျမန္မာတစ္လွည့္၊မြန္တစ္လွည့္၊ရွမ္းတစ္လွည့္၊ရခုိင္တစ္ လွည့္ဟူဘိသကဲ့သုိ႔ မည္မွ် ပင္လႊမ္းမုိး ေစကာမူ ျမန္မာတည္းဟူေသာပညတ္ မေပ်ာက္ရေလေအာင္ အားထုတ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္မွာ သမုိင္း၌အထင္အရွားျဖစ္သည္။
Just as in Europe, by the laws of history, the territories of feudal lords were little by little brought into union to create a national territory; so the Burmese united their fortified towns and villages so as to make a kingdom.
ဥေရာပတုိက္တြင္ ၿမိဳ႕စားနယ္ပယ္တုိ႔ကုိ နုိင္ငံျဖစ္ေအာင္အဆင့္ဆင့္ စည္းရုံးခဲ့ ၾကေသာ သမုိင္းနိယာမအတုိင္း ျမန္မာတုိ႔ သည္လည္း ၿမိဳ႕ျပျပည္ရြာတုိ႔ကုိ နုိင္ငံ ျဖစ္ေအာင္ စည္းရုံးခဲ့ၾကသည္ခ်ည္းပင္။
Thus the Burmese people, as is the way of peoples of a free country, advanced noticeably.
ဤသို႔လွ်င္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ လြတ္လပ္ေသာနုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔၏ သဘာ၀အေလွ်ာက္ ထြန္းကားတုိးတက္လာ ၾကသည္။
They developed a class of rulers, and consequently the customs of the peoples of the various lands to the east merged on equal terms with those of the Burmese.
အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာပုိင္ နုိင္ငံအျဖစ္ျဖင့္ အေရွ႕တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ား အရ အတုိင္းတုိင္း အျပည္ျပည္ တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာ နုိင္ငံသည္ တန္းတူရည္တူဆက္ဆံ ခဲ့ၾကသည္။
While in the land of Burma the customs and the course of history of the peoples of the East were becoming increasingly unified, in the West, in Europe, it could be seen that the customs and the course of history were developing similarly.
ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံ၌ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔အေရွ႕တုိင္း သမုိင္းအစဥ္အလာ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ားအရ တုိး တက္ျဖစ္ထြန္းေနစဥ္ ဥေရာပတုိက္၌လည္း အေနာက္တုိင္း သမုိင္းအစဥ္အလာ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ားအရ တုိးတက္ျဖစ္ထြန္းမႈတုိ႔ ေပၚေပါက္ေနသည္။
At this period, by a remarkable change in the times, there came about the 16th century turn to new techniques that is known as the “renaissance”.
ထုိအခ်ိန္တြင္လြန္စြာထူးျခားေသာေခတ္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈႀကီးတစ္ရပ္မွာဆယ့္ ေျခာက္ရာစုႏွစ္ကေပၚေပါက္ေသာ ရီေနဆြန္းေခၚ ဉာဏ္သစ္အေရးေတာ္ပုံ ျဖစ္သည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
ရာဇဓမၼသဂၤဟ ႏွာ ၂၄
Time lays its authority on a man but if the man accepts time's authority unresistingly, his history has no brilliance: it is a dead thing.
ေခတ္သည္လူကုိ ဩဇာေပးတတ္သည္၊လူသည္ေခတ္၏ဩဇာကုိနာခံ၍ ေရလုိက္ ငါးလုိက္ေနသည္ရွိေသာ္ လူ႔သမုိင္းသည္ ထြန္းေျပာင္ျခင္းမရွိ၊ အေသကဲ့သုိ႔ျဖစ္၏။
A man can rebel against time, but although in their struggle men wrestle inconclusively, human history advances -- it gains brilliance .
သုိ႔ေသာ္လူသည္ ေခတ္ကုိေတာ္လွန္တတ္သည္။ဤသုိ႔ေတာ္လွန္ရာ၌ လူႏွင့္ ေခတ္တုိ႔သည္ ဘတစ္ျပန္ က်ားတစ္ျပန္ နပန္း သတ္ၾကသည္။ထုိအခါ လူ႔သမုိင္း သည္ တုိးတက္လာသည္။ထြန္းေျပာင္လာသည္။
Throughout the course of Burmese history the holders of supreme power had never been other than people of Burma.
ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္သမုိင္းတေလွ်ာက္တြင္အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာပုိင္ နုိင္ငံသားအျဖစ္ ႏွင့္သာ လူျဖစ္ခဲ့ၾကရသည္။
Generally, however, if we look at history with open eyes, we will find that the unity of the peoples of Burma has been broken from time to time and it has sometimes come to seem like a collection of different sovereign kingdoms.
ကမၻာ့သမုိင္းကုိ ၿခဳံ၍ၾကည့္တတ္ေသာမ်က္စိျဖင့္ ၾကည့္လွ်င္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔၏ စည္းလုံးညီညြတ္မႈသည္ မၾကာခဏ ၿပိဳကြဲပ်က္စီးခဲ့ရ သည္ကုိ အျခားအျခား ေသာ ဧကရာဇ္ ပေဒသရာဇ္နုိင္ငံမ်ားနည္းတူ ေတြ႔ရလိမ့္မည္။
The Burmese people once had to accept the chaos which was the penalty when the great kingdom of Pagan was suddenly brought down.
ပုဂံျပည္ႀကီးကုိ တရုတ္တရက္တုိ႔ ထိပါးေႏွာင့္ယွက္သျဖင့္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔ ဖရုိဖရဲ ၿပိဳ ကြဲပ်က္စီးေသာဒဏ္ကုိ ခံခဲ့ၾက ရဖူးသည္။
They had to accept the penalty of Shan domination. At Sagaing, Pinya, Ava and Myinsaing the Burmese people had to pay the cost of their disunion and of their several power centers.
´ဂငယ္သုံးခု၊ ဥသွ်စ္ထု´ ဟူေသာဆုိရုိးစကားအတုိင္း ရွမ္းတုိ႔၏လႊမ္းမုိးမႈဒဏ္ ကုိလည္းခံခဲ့ရဖူးသည္။ စစ္ကုိင္း၊ပင္းယ၊အင္း၀၊ ျမင္စုိင္းဟူ၍ ျမန္မာအခ်င္းခ်င္း အာဏာလုပဲြႀကီးမ်ားေၾကာင့္ အမ်ိဳးသား စည္းလုံး ညီညြတ္ေရး ပ်က္ျပားေသာ ဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾကရဖူးသည္။
They frequently waged war upon their own kindred and neighbours, so that they had to pay the cost of the fear of war also.
ေဆြရိပ္မ်ိဳးရိပ္မကင္းေသာ အိမ္နီးပါးခ်င္းနုိင္ငံတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မၾကာခဏစစ္ခင္းခဲ့ၾက၍ စစ္ေဘးစစ္ဒဏ္ကုိလည္း ခံခဲ့ၾက ရဖူးသည္။
On the other hand, they also made efforts in various ways to avoid these penalties.
သုိ႔ရာတြင္ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ထုိဒဏ္အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးမွလြတ္ေျမာက္ရန္ အလုိ႔ငွာ ႀကိဳးပမ္း ခဲ့ၾကသည္ခ်ည္းပင္။
It is plain from the Chronicles that such efforts were directed towards rebuilding an all-embracing kingdom of Burma with its peoples in unity, so that the name of Burma might not be lost, with the Burmese, the Shams, the Mons and the Arakanese, it might be said, each in their turn holding the power.
သမုိင္းအစဥ္အဆက္၌ ျမန္မာတစ္လွည့္၊မြန္တစ္လွည့္၊ရွမ္းတစ္လွည့္၊ရခုိင္တစ္ လွည့္ဟူဘိသကဲ့သုိ႔ မည္မွ် ပင္လႊမ္းမုိး ေစကာမူ ျမန္မာတည္းဟူေသာပညတ္ မေပ်ာက္ရေလေအာင္ အားထုတ္ခဲ့ၾကသည္မွာ သမုိင္း၌အထင္အရွားျဖစ္သည္။
Just as in Europe, by the laws of history, the territories of feudal lords were little by little brought into union to create a national territory; so the Burmese united their fortified towns and villages so as to make a kingdom.
ဥေရာပတုိက္တြင္ ၿမိဳ႕စားနယ္ပယ္တုိ႔ကုိ နုိင္ငံျဖစ္ေအာင္အဆင့္ဆင့္ စည္းရုံးခဲ့ ၾကေသာ သမုိင္းနိယာမအတုိင္း ျမန္မာတုိ႔ သည္လည္း ၿမိဳ႕ျပျပည္ရြာတုိ႔ကုိ နုိင္ငံ ျဖစ္ေအာင္ စည္းရုံးခဲ့ၾကသည္ခ်ည္းပင္။
Thus the Burmese people, as is the way of peoples of a free country, advanced noticeably.
ဤသို႔လွ်င္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ လြတ္လပ္ေသာနုိင္ငံသားတုိ႔၏ သဘာ၀အေလွ်ာက္ ထြန္းကားတုိးတက္လာ ၾကသည္။
They developed a class of rulers, and consequently the customs of the peoples of the various lands to the east merged on equal terms with those of the Burmese.
အခ်ဳပ္အျခာအာဏာပုိင္ နုိင္ငံအျဖစ္ျဖင့္ အေရွ႕တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ား အရ အတုိင္းတုိင္း အျပည္ျပည္ တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာ နုိင္ငံသည္ တန္းတူရည္တူဆက္ဆံ ခဲ့ၾကသည္။
While in the land of Burma the customs and the course of history of the peoples of the East were becoming increasingly unified, in the West, in Europe, it could be seen that the customs and the course of history were developing similarly.
ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံ၌ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔အေရွ႕တုိင္း သမုိင္းအစဥ္အလာ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ားအရ တုိး တက္ျဖစ္ထြန္းေနစဥ္ ဥေရာပတုိက္၌လည္း အေနာက္တုိင္း သမုိင္းအစဥ္အလာ ဓေလ့ထုံးစံမ်ားအရ တုိးတက္ျဖစ္ထြန္းမႈတုိ႔ ေပၚေပါက္ေနသည္။
At this period, by a remarkable change in the times, there came about the 16th century turn to new techniques that is known as the “renaissance”.
ထုိအခ်ိန္တြင္လြန္စြာထူးျခားေသာေခတ္ေျပာင္းလဲမႈႀကီးတစ္ရပ္မွာဆယ့္ ေျခာက္ရာစုႏွစ္ကေပၚေပါက္ေသာ ရီေနဆြန္းေခၚ ဉာဏ္သစ္အေရးေတာ္ပုံ ျဖစ္သည္။
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