10. How the Brahmans corrupted the meaning of the four rules of sangaha into the Five Great Sacrifices
Thus from the time of King Mahāsammata, the four rules of sangaha descended through the generations down to King Ukkāka and the people enjoyed widespread prosperity. Wily Brahmans, however, wanted to get their hands upon the possessions of these people.
They went to King Ukkāka and said, “We are learned Brahmans, and there have come down to us in our family traditions certain secrets, which are not for everybody to hear. They are a very special interpretation of the Vedas.”
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ မဟာသမၼမင္းမွ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းတုိင္ေအာင္ ဆင္းသက္၍လာေသာ သဂၤဟ တရားေလးပါးျဖင့္ လူတုိ႔စည္းစိမ္ ခ်မ္းသာႀကီးက်ယ္၍၊ထုိလူတုိ႔၌ရွိေသာ ဥစၥာပစၥည္း တုိ႔ ကုိ အလွဴခံလုိေသာ ယုတ္မာေသာ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔သည္ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္ မင္းႀကီးထံ ၀င္၍ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ျဗဟၼဏပညာရွိတုိ႔ အမ်ိဳးစဥ္ဆက္မွလာေသာ လူတုိင္းကုိမေျပာမျပရေသာ လွ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္ထား အပ္ေသာ အလြန္ေကာင္းေသာ ေဗဒင္နည္းသည္ရွိ၏။
They presented a false idea to King Ukkāka that, if he wished, by following their system he would be able to enter the world of the spirits as a living man without undergoing the dissolution of death.
King Ukkāka believed them and did as they told him. From this the four rules of sangaha, that had been handed down to him were nullified and became the Five Great Sacrifices.
ဤနည္းအတုိင္းျပဳလွ်င္ ဧကန္ေသသည့္အျခားမဲ့၌ နတ္ျပည္သုိ႔ေရာက္သည္ဟု အက်ိဳး လုိေယာင္ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီးကုိ လူရွင္းရာတြင္တုိးတုိး၀င္ေရာက္တင္ေလွ်ာက္သည္၌ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီးယုံ၍ ဤျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း ျပဳသျဖင့္ အစဥ္အဆက္ လာ ေသာ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး ေပ်ာက္၍ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးျဖစ္လာသည္။
The four rules were thus misinterpreted:
1.The word sassamedha was, it was claimed, not correct; it had been corrupted from assamedha, the true word.
In this interpretation, assa means “horse” and medha means “to kill”. What was really called for was a sacrifice of killing horses of five breeds; large offerings to the Brahmans would be involved.
သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါကုိ ေပ်ာက္ေအာင္ဖ်က္ပုံကား -
(၁) သႆေမဓဆုိသည္ကား ´သႆေမဓ´မဟုတ္၊ပါဌ္ပ်က္ျဖစ္သည္။ ´အႆေမဓ´ ဆုိမွ မွန္သည္။´အႆ´ကား ျမင္းေဟာ၊´ေမဓ´ကား သတ္ျခင္းေဟာ။ အဆင္းငါးပါးရွိေသာျမင္းကုိ သတ္၍ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိလည္း မ်ားစြာ လွဴရမည္။
2. Similarly, the word pūrisamedha indicated that a man should be killed and made an offering of -- with, again, large offerings to the Brahmans.
(၂) ပုရိသေမဓ ဆုိသည္ကား ေယာကၤ်ားကုိသတ္၍သတ္၍ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။ ျဗဟၼဏ တုိ႔ကုိလည္း မ်ားစြာ လွဴရမည္။
3. The meaning of sammāpāsa they took to be the making of offerings to the Brahmans and a sacrifice, by loading as much wealth as they could carry upon carts and driving them into the Sūrassatī River on the mainland to a place where they would be engulfed.
When this point was reached, the yokes and all bolts and fastenings on the laden carts would be broken open and everything cast into the river to be carried away.
At the point where the fastenings were broken, a pillar commemorating the sacrifice would be set up and the sacrificial offerings completed.
(၃)သမၼာပါသ ဆုိသည္ကား ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိလွဴဒါန္းရန္၊ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရန္ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိ လွည္း၊ရထားတုိ႔ျဖင့္ မ်ားစြာတင္ယူ၍ သူရႆတီျမစ္ ေျမႀကီးထဲသုိ႔၀င္၍ ငုပ္ရာအရပ္သုိ႔ သြားကာ ေရာက္လွ်င္ ၀န္စုကုိေဆာင္ယူခဲ့ေသာ လွည္း၊ရထားထမ္းပုိး က်ည္း ကန္႔လန္႔ မ်ားကုိ ခၽြတ္ၿပီး သူရႆတီျမစ္ညာသုိ႔ ဆန္၍ ပစ္ရမည္။ ထုိထမ္းပုိးက်ည္း ကန္႔လန္႔ က်ရာအရပ္၌ ယဇ္တုိင္ကုိစုိက္၍ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။
According to this view, the word sammā means the yoke and bindings, while pāsa is asa, or a magical casting away, with the letter “p” prefixed.
´သမၼာ´သဒၵါ ထမ္းပုိးက်ည္းကန္႔လန္႔ကုိေဟာသည္။´ပါသ´သဒၵါ ပ.ေရွးရွိေသာ ´အသ´ဓါတ္ ပစ္လႊတ္ျခင္းကုိ ေဟာသည္။
4. As for the meaning of vācāpeyya, the “c”, they said, is a mistake; it should be “j” and the word is vājapeyya.
In this, vāja means “butter” and peyya means “drinking”. The sacrifice is made by presenting good butter to the Brahmans and making a sacrifice of it.
(၄) ´၀ါစာေပယ်´ ဆုိသည္ကား စလုံးႏွင့္မဟုတ္၊ဇကြဲႏွင့္´၀ါဇေပယ်´ဆုိရမည္။ ´၀ါဇ´ သဒၵါ ေထာပတ္ေဟာ၊ ´ေပယ်´သဒၵါ ေသာက္ျခင္းအနက္ေဟာ။ေကာင္းလွစြာေသာ ေထာပတ္ကုိ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔အားတုိက္၍ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။
5. The meaning of niraggala is doors without bolts or bars. He who wishes to make this kind of sacrifice leaves all the wealth of his house unprotected and the doors open for the Brahmans to come and help themselves.
(၅) ´နိရဂၢဠ´ဆုိသည္ကား တံခါးက်ည္း မင္းတုပ္မရွိဟု ဆုိလုိသည္။ ဤယဇ္ကုိပူေဇာ္ လုိေသာသူသည္ မိမိအိမ္၌ရွိေသာ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိ အပိတ္အပင္မရွိ တံခါးဟင္းလင္း ဖြင့္၍ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ အလုိရွိရာယူေစရမည္။
From the time when King Ukkāka gave a hearing to these corruptions and distortions of the meaning of the words and started offering the Five Great Sacrifices, the five rules of sa³gaha were lost sight of in the world and the Five Sacrifices were prominent everywhere.
ဤသုိ႔ပုဒ္ပါဌ္အကၡရာ အနက္အဓိပၸါယ္ႏွင့္တကြ ဖ်က္ဆီးၿပီးလွ်င္ တင္ေလွ်ာက္ ေသာစကားကုိ နာယူ၍ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္း ႀကီးသည္ ဤယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးကုိ ပူေဇာ္သည္ မွစ၍ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးေပ်ာက္ၿပီးလွ်င္ ယဇ္ငါးပါး ေလာက၌ထင္ရွားျဖစ္ လာသည္။
In the time before Ukkāka became King, the world knew of only three diseases. After these sacrifices began to be offered, ninety eight diseases came upon the world.
ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီး မင္းမျဖစ္မီေရွးအထက္က ေလာကမွာ အနာေရာဂါသုံးမ်ိဳး သာရွိသည္။ ဤယဇ္ကုိပူေဇာ္သည္မွစ၍ ကုိးဆယ့္ရွစ္ပါးေသာ အနာေရာဂါတုိ႔သည္ ေလာကသုိ႔လာေရာက္ကုန္၏။
With the intention that all this might become known, the Most Excellent Lord pronounced the following gāthā in the Brahmanadhammika Sutta of the Sutta Nipāta :
That is to say: -- In the time before the Five Sacrifices were instituted, there were only three ills - Desire, Hunger and Age.
In the time since sacrifices were introduced involving the killing of cattle and other four-legged beasts and making offerings of them, ninety eight varieties of disease have come to us. (In the Mugapakkha Jātaka and other texts the number is given as ninety-six.
ထုိအေၾကာင္းကုိျပေတာ္မူလုိေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္သုတၱနိပါတ္ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိက သုတ္၌- ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးမပူေဇာ္မီ ေရွးကာလ၌(၁)လုိခ်င္ျခင္း၊ (၂)စားခ်င္ျခင္း၊ (၃)အုိျခင္း အနာေရာဂါသုံးမ်ိဳးသာ ရွိကုန္၏။ႏြားစေသာအေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း ရွိေသာ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးပူေဇာ္ၿပီးသည္မွ ေနာက္ကာလ၌ ကုိးဆယ္ရွစ္ပါး ေသာ အနာေရာဂါေ၀ဒနာ တုိ႔သည္ ေရာက္လာကုန္၏။
In the countries to the west of us, beginning with India, which includes such great countries as Rājagaha and Sravasti, which once had their Buddhas, PaccekaBuddhas, Arahants, cakkavattirājā and men of the greatest possible wealth, great strong countries, in them to the Brahmans cut off the four rules of sangaha at the root .
They instituted instead their Five Sacrifices and for this reason their countries gradually declined. The rules of sa³gaha became established among peoples in the wilderness and found their way to the countries of the West.
These countries of the West have followed the four rules of sangaha and they have therefore been able to overwhelm the sixteen once-great lands, like Māgadha, Rājagaha, Kosala, Srāvasti and the rest.
The peoples of those lands have lost their kings and ministers and are now, because of the coming of the western people, in servitude. Almost all of the remaining lands live in terror of the peoples of the West .
အေနာက္တုိင္းမစၨ်ိမအရပ္မွစ၍ ဣျႏၵဟုေခၚေသာ ရာဇၿဂိဳဟ္၊သာ၀တၳိစေသာျပည္ႀကီး တုိ႔၌ ဘုရား၊ပေစၥကဗုဒၶါ၊ရဟႏၱာ၊ စၾကာမင္း၊ကုေဋတစ္ရာ့ေျခာက္ဆယ္ႁကြယ္၀ေသာ သူေဌးႀကီးတုိ႔၏ျဖစ္ရာ ျဖစ္၍အလြန္ျပည္႔စုံၾကြယ္၀ခုိင္ခံ့ေသာ တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံ ျဖစ္လွ်က္ လည္း ဤသုိ႔ျဗဟၼတုိ႔သည္ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔၏ အျမစ္ကုိျဖတ္၍ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါး ကုိ ေပၚေစေသာေၾကာင့္ တေရြ႕ေရြ႕ေလ်ာ့ပါးၿပီးလွ်င္ ထုိသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔သည္ အရုိင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔တည္ေနရာ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံသုိ႔ေရာက္၍ သုိးေဆာင္းတုိ႔သည္ ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးအတုိင္း ျပဳက်င့္ၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ မဂဓတုိင္း၊ရာဇၿဂိဳဟ္ျပည္၊ေကာသလတုိင္း၊သာ၀တၳိျပည္စေသာတုိင္းႀကီးတစ္ဆယ့္ေျခာက္တုိင္း၊ျပည္ႀကီးတစ္ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ျပည္ေထာင္တုိ႔ကုိ လႊမ္းမိုးအုပ္စုိးၿပီးလွ်င္ ယခုအခါ ဤတုိင္းႀကီးျပည္ႀကီးတုိ႔၌ ေနေသာသူတုိ႔၏ မင္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ေပ်ာက္၍ သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ေရာက္သျဖင့္ ကၽြန္ျဖစ္ၾကေလသည္။ အနည္းငယ္က်န္ေသာ နုိင္ငံမ်ားလည္း သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳး တုိ႔ကုိ ေၾကာက္လွ်က္ပင္ ေနၾကရသည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
သုတၱနိပါတပါဠိ၊ ၂.စူဠ၀ဂၢ၊ ၇.ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိကသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃၂၅
ဒု၊ ဇာတကပါဠိ၊၂၂.မဟာနိပါတ၊ ၅၃၈.မူဂပကၡဇာတက။
Thus from the time of King Mahāsammata, the four rules of sangaha descended through the generations down to King Ukkāka and the people enjoyed widespread prosperity. Wily Brahmans, however, wanted to get their hands upon the possessions of these people.
They went to King Ukkāka and said, “We are learned Brahmans, and there have come down to us in our family traditions certain secrets, which are not for everybody to hear. They are a very special interpretation of the Vedas.”
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ မဟာသမၼမင္းမွ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းတုိင္ေအာင္ ဆင္းသက္၍လာေသာ သဂၤဟ တရားေလးပါးျဖင့္ လူတုိ႔စည္းစိမ္ ခ်မ္းသာႀကီးက်ယ္၍၊ထုိလူတုိ႔၌ရွိေသာ ဥစၥာပစၥည္း တုိ႔ ကုိ အလွဴခံလုိေသာ ယုတ္မာေသာ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔သည္ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္ မင္းႀကီးထံ ၀င္၍ ကၽြန္ေတာ္ျဗဟၼဏပညာရွိတုိ႔ အမ်ိဳးစဥ္ဆက္မွလာေသာ လူတုိင္းကုိမေျပာမျပရေသာ လွ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္ထား အပ္ေသာ အလြန္ေကာင္းေသာ ေဗဒင္နည္းသည္ရွိ၏။
They presented a false idea to King Ukkāka that, if he wished, by following their system he would be able to enter the world of the spirits as a living man without undergoing the dissolution of death.
King Ukkāka believed them and did as they told him. From this the four rules of sangaha, that had been handed down to him were nullified and became the Five Great Sacrifices.
ဤနည္းအတုိင္းျပဳလွ်င္ ဧကန္ေသသည့္အျခားမဲ့၌ နတ္ျပည္သုိ႔ေရာက္သည္ဟု အက်ိဳး လုိေယာင္ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီးကုိ လူရွင္းရာတြင္တုိးတုိး၀င္ေရာက္တင္ေလွ်ာက္သည္၌ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီးယုံ၍ ဤျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း ျပဳသျဖင့္ အစဥ္အဆက္ လာ ေသာ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါး ေပ်ာက္၍ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးျဖစ္လာသည္။
The four rules were thus misinterpreted:
1.The word sassamedha was, it was claimed, not correct; it had been corrupted from assamedha, the true word.
In this interpretation, assa means “horse” and medha means “to kill”. What was really called for was a sacrifice of killing horses of five breeds; large offerings to the Brahmans would be involved.
သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါကုိ ေပ်ာက္ေအာင္ဖ်က္ပုံကား -
(၁) သႆေမဓဆုိသည္ကား ´သႆေမဓ´မဟုတ္၊ပါဌ္ပ်က္ျဖစ္သည္။ ´အႆေမဓ´ ဆုိမွ မွန္သည္။´အႆ´ကား ျမင္းေဟာ၊´ေမဓ´ကား သတ္ျခင္းေဟာ။ အဆင္းငါးပါးရွိေသာျမင္းကုိ သတ္၍ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိလည္း မ်ားစြာ လွဴရမည္။
2. Similarly, the word pūrisamedha indicated that a man should be killed and made an offering of -- with, again, large offerings to the Brahmans.
(၂) ပုရိသေမဓ ဆုိသည္ကား ေယာကၤ်ားကုိသတ္၍သတ္၍ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။ ျဗဟၼဏ တုိ႔ကုိလည္း မ်ားစြာ လွဴရမည္။
3. The meaning of sammāpāsa they took to be the making of offerings to the Brahmans and a sacrifice, by loading as much wealth as they could carry upon carts and driving them into the Sūrassatī River on the mainland to a place where they would be engulfed.
When this point was reached, the yokes and all bolts and fastenings on the laden carts would be broken open and everything cast into the river to be carried away.
At the point where the fastenings were broken, a pillar commemorating the sacrifice would be set up and the sacrificial offerings completed.
(၃)သမၼာပါသ ဆုိသည္ကား ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ကုိလွဴဒါန္းရန္၊ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရန္ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိ လွည္း၊ရထားတုိ႔ျဖင့္ မ်ားစြာတင္ယူ၍ သူရႆတီျမစ္ ေျမႀကီးထဲသုိ႔၀င္၍ ငုပ္ရာအရပ္သုိ႔ သြားကာ ေရာက္လွ်င္ ၀န္စုကုိေဆာင္ယူခဲ့ေသာ လွည္း၊ရထားထမ္းပုိး က်ည္း ကန္႔လန္႔ မ်ားကုိ ခၽြတ္ၿပီး သူရႆတီျမစ္ညာသုိ႔ ဆန္၍ ပစ္ရမည္။ ထုိထမ္းပုိးက်ည္း ကန္႔လန္႔ က်ရာအရပ္၌ ယဇ္တုိင္ကုိစုိက္၍ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။
According to this view, the word sammā means the yoke and bindings, while pāsa is asa, or a magical casting away, with the letter “p” prefixed.
´သမၼာ´သဒၵါ ထမ္းပုိးက်ည္းကန္႔လန္႔ကုိေဟာသည္။´ပါသ´သဒၵါ ပ.ေရွးရွိေသာ ´အသ´ဓါတ္ ပစ္လႊတ္ျခင္းကုိ ေဟာသည္။
4. As for the meaning of vācāpeyya, the “c”, they said, is a mistake; it should be “j” and the word is vājapeyya.
In this, vāja means “butter” and peyya means “drinking”. The sacrifice is made by presenting good butter to the Brahmans and making a sacrifice of it.
(၄) ´၀ါစာေပယ်´ ဆုိသည္ကား စလုံးႏွင့္မဟုတ္၊ဇကြဲႏွင့္´၀ါဇေပယ်´ဆုိရမည္။ ´၀ါဇ´ သဒၵါ ေထာပတ္ေဟာ၊ ´ေပယ်´သဒၵါ ေသာက္ျခင္းအနက္ေဟာ။ေကာင္းလွစြာေသာ ေထာပတ္ကုိ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔အားတုိက္၍ ယဇ္ပူေဇာ္ရမည္။
5. The meaning of niraggala is doors without bolts or bars. He who wishes to make this kind of sacrifice leaves all the wealth of his house unprotected and the doors open for the Brahmans to come and help themselves.
(၅) ´နိရဂၢဠ´ဆုိသည္ကား တံခါးက်ည္း မင္းတုပ္မရွိဟု ဆုိလုိသည္။ ဤယဇ္ကုိပူေဇာ္ လုိေသာသူသည္ မိမိအိမ္၌ရွိေသာ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိ အပိတ္အပင္မရွိ တံခါးဟင္းလင္း ဖြင့္၍ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔ အလုိရွိရာယူေစရမည္။
From the time when King Ukkāka gave a hearing to these corruptions and distortions of the meaning of the words and started offering the Five Great Sacrifices, the five rules of sa³gaha were lost sight of in the world and the Five Sacrifices were prominent everywhere.
ဤသုိ႔ပုဒ္ပါဌ္အကၡရာ အနက္အဓိပၸါယ္ႏွင့္တကြ ဖ်က္ဆီးၿပီးလွ်င္ တင္ေလွ်ာက္ ေသာစကားကုိ နာယူ၍ ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္း ႀကီးသည္ ဤယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးကုိ ပူေဇာ္သည္ မွစ၍ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးေပ်ာက္ၿပီးလွ်င္ ယဇ္ငါးပါး ေလာက၌ထင္ရွားျဖစ္ လာသည္။
In the time before Ukkāka became King, the world knew of only three diseases. After these sacrifices began to be offered, ninety eight diseases came upon the world.
ဥကၠာကရာဇ္မင္းႀကီး မင္းမျဖစ္မီေရွးအထက္က ေလာကမွာ အနာေရာဂါသုံးမ်ိဳး သာရွိသည္။ ဤယဇ္ကုိပူေဇာ္သည္မွစ၍ ကုိးဆယ့္ရွစ္ပါးေသာ အနာေရာဂါတုိ႔သည္ ေလာကသုိ႔လာေရာက္ကုန္၏။
With the intention that all this might become known, the Most Excellent Lord pronounced the following gāthā in the Brahmanadhammika Sutta of the Sutta Nipāta :
That is to say: -- In the time before the Five Sacrifices were instituted, there were only three ills - Desire, Hunger and Age.
In the time since sacrifices were introduced involving the killing of cattle and other four-legged beasts and making offerings of them, ninety eight varieties of disease have come to us. (In the Mugapakkha Jātaka and other texts the number is given as ninety-six.
ထုိအေၾကာင္းကုိျပေတာ္မူလုိေသာ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားသည္သုတၱနိပါတ္ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိက သုတ္၌- ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးမပူေဇာ္မီ ေရွးကာလ၌(၁)လုိခ်င္ျခင္း၊ (၂)စားခ်င္ျခင္း၊ (၃)အုိျခင္း အနာေရာဂါသုံးမ်ိဳးသာ ရွိကုန္၏။ႏြားစေသာအေျခေလးေခ်ာင္း ရွိေသာ သတၱ၀ါတုိ႔ကုိသတ္၍ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါးပူေဇာ္ၿပီးသည္မွ ေနာက္ကာလ၌ ကုိးဆယ္ရွစ္ပါး ေသာ အနာေရာဂါေ၀ဒနာ တုိ႔သည္ ေရာက္လာကုန္၏။
In the countries to the west of us, beginning with India, which includes such great countries as Rājagaha and Sravasti, which once had their Buddhas, PaccekaBuddhas, Arahants, cakkavattirājā and men of the greatest possible wealth, great strong countries, in them to the Brahmans cut off the four rules of sangaha at the root .
They instituted instead their Five Sacrifices and for this reason their countries gradually declined. The rules of sa³gaha became established among peoples in the wilderness and found their way to the countries of the West.
These countries of the West have followed the four rules of sangaha and they have therefore been able to overwhelm the sixteen once-great lands, like Māgadha, Rājagaha, Kosala, Srāvasti and the rest.
The peoples of those lands have lost their kings and ministers and are now, because of the coming of the western people, in servitude. Almost all of the remaining lands live in terror of the peoples of the West .
အေနာက္တုိင္းမစၨ်ိမအရပ္မွစ၍ ဣျႏၵဟုေခၚေသာ ရာဇၿဂိဳဟ္၊သာ၀တၳိစေသာျပည္ႀကီး တုိ႔၌ ဘုရား၊ပေစၥကဗုဒၶါ၊ရဟႏၱာ၊ စၾကာမင္း၊ကုေဋတစ္ရာ့ေျခာက္ဆယ္ႁကြယ္၀ေသာ သူေဌးႀကီးတုိ႔၏ျဖစ္ရာ ျဖစ္၍အလြန္ျပည္႔စုံၾကြယ္၀ခုိင္ခံ့ေသာ တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံ ျဖစ္လွ်က္ လည္း ဤသုိ႔ျဗဟၼတုိ႔သည္ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔၏ အျမစ္ကုိျဖတ္၍ ယဇ္ႀကီးငါးပါး ကုိ ေပၚေစေသာေၾကာင့္ တေရြ႕ေရြ႕ေလ်ာ့ပါးၿပီးလွ်င္ ထုိသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔သည္ အရုိင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔တည္ေနရာ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံသုိ႔ေရာက္၍ သုိးေဆာင္းတုိ႔သည္ ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးအတုိင္း ျပဳက်င့္ၾကေသာေၾကာင့္ မဂဓတုိင္း၊ရာဇၿဂိဳဟ္ျပည္၊ေကာသလတုိင္း၊သာ၀တၳိျပည္စေသာတုိင္းႀကီးတစ္ဆယ့္ေျခာက္တုိင္း၊ျပည္ႀကီးတစ္ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ျပည္ေထာင္တုိ႔ကုိ လႊမ္းမိုးအုပ္စုိးၿပီးလွ်င္ ယခုအခါ ဤတုိင္းႀကီးျပည္ႀကီးတုိ႔၌ ေနေသာသူတုိ႔၏ မင္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ေပ်ာက္၍ သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔ေရာက္သျဖင့္ ကၽြန္ျဖစ္ၾကေလသည္။ အနည္းငယ္က်န္ေသာ နုိင္ငံမ်ားလည္း သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳး တုိ႔ကုိ ေၾကာက္လွ်က္ပင္ ေနၾကရသည္။
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သုတၱနိပါတပါဠိ၊ ၂.စူဠ၀ဂၢ၊ ၇.ျဗဟၼဏဓမၼိကသုတ္ ႏွာ-၃၂၅
ဒု၊ ဇာတကပါဠိ၊၂၂.မဟာနိပါတ၊ ၅၃၈.မူဂပကၡဇာတက။
