11. How the western peoples have followed the four rules of sangaha
Since, in our own day, the peoples of the West have made it a matter of great importance to follow the four rules of sangaha, the rulers of those countries wish to ensure that there should be no failure in the collection of taxes and in the handling, by pūrisamedha, of the taxes collected under sassamedha.
For this reason, consultations are held with the houses of the elected officials and of the officials by right of position, to make sure that no one is adversely affected.
Once the tax has been collected, a sufficiency for current use is handed over once a year to the government.
The balance for which there is no immediate use is, with the agreement of the officials, placed on reserve in the treasury. The treasury remains in the charge of the officials.
ယခုအခါသုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ အလြန္အေလးျပဳ၍ က်င့္ေဆာင္လုိသည္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အခြန္ခံယူျခင္း´သႆေမဓ´၊ ရရွိၿပီးေသာ အခြန္ ကုိ ပုရိသေမဓျဖစ္ေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း၌ အယုတ္အလြန္မရွိရေအာင္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ အလုိ အေလွ်ာက္ မျပဳမလုပ္ဘဲ ျပည္သူသေဘာတူေပးသည့္ မွဴးမတ္အစုအသင္းႏွင့္ မွဴးမ်ိဳး မတ္မ်ိဳးျဖစ္ေသာ အစုအသင္းတုိ႔သည္ ျပည္သူတုိ႔မနာမၾကည္းရေအာင္ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္းထြာ ၍ သႆေမဓ ေကာက္ခံၿပီးလွ်င္ ရသည့္ေငြအနက္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းကုိ ႏွစ္ပတ္လည္သုံး ေလာက္ေအာင္ ဆက္သၿပီး က်န္ေငြမ်ားကုိ အျခားတစ္ပါးအသံုးအေဆာင္မရွိ မွဴးမတ္ တုိ႔သေဘာတူထားသည့္ ေငြတုိက္သုိ႔ သြင္းရသည္။
The treasury does not only take charge of tax money collected in the country; it also holds surplus funds of ministries, of the wealthy and of traders, including their gold silver and jewels.
ထုိေငြတုိက္ကုိလည္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔က ေစာင့္ထိမ္းသည္။ ထုိေငြတုိက္တြင္ နုိင္ငံက ေကာက္ခံရေသာေငြကုိသာ မကေသး၊မင္း မွဴးမတ္ သူေဌးသူႁကြယ္၊ကုန္သည္ႀကီးတုိ႔၌ သုံးေဆာင္သည့္အျပင္ ပုိမိုသမွ် စိန္ ေငြ ေရႊ ေက်ာက္မ်ားကိုလည္း ထုိေငြတုိက္ မွာပင္ သြင္းထားသည္။
Careful accounts are kept of all such moneys and valuables and, whenever it may be in the interest of the country’s defence or advancement, after consultation with and with the assent of the assemblies, following the sammāpāsa rule, budget balances that have been collected from the people in general may be used for making loans at appropriate rates of interest to merchants and farmers .
It empowers the commercial world and assists mutual trading groups.
ေငြတုိက္မွာသြင္းထားေသာေငြကုိ စာရင္းအေသအခ်ာမွတ္သားထုတ္ယူ၍ နိင္ငံကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရန္နုိင္ငံအက်ိဳးျဖစ္ထြန္း တုိးပါြးရန္ုတို႔ကုိ မွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္စုႏွစ္သင္းတုိ႔ ညွိႏႈိင္း ေပးကမ္းသုံးေဆာင္ၿပီးလွ်င္ အေတာ္အသင့္ေငြတုိက္မွာအက်န္ႏွင့္ မင္း မွဴးမတ္ ျပည္သူ တုိ႔ ေပါင္းစုသြင္းထားသည့္ေငြမ်ားက သမၼာပါသတရားတုိးပြါးေအာင္ ကုန္သည္ လယ္ လုပ္တုိ႔အား အေစာင့္ အထိမ္းအခမွ်ေလာက္ရုံ အတုိးအပြါးထား၍ ေခ်းငွားမစသည္။ ကုန္သည္တုိ႔အားရွိေအာင္ကုိလည္း ကုန္သည္အခ်င္းခ်င္း ေပါင္းစုစည္းရုံး၍ ကူးသန္းေစ သည္။
Since there is more to be gained from international trading than from trading within one’s own country alone, no barriers are placed to the encouragement of trade with other countries and so associations are formed and travel undertaken.
ကုိယ့္နုိင္ငံတြင္းသာ ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္သည့္ထက္ အျခားနုိင္ငံႏွင့္စပ္၍ ကူးသန္း ေရာင္း၀ယ္ျခင္းက သာ၍အက်ိဳးႀကီးမား ေသာေၾကာင့္ အျခားနုိင္ငံ၀ယ္ ကုန္သည္တုိ႔ ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္၌ အပိတ္အပင္အတားအဆီး မရွိရေလေအာင္ မိတ္ဖြဲ႕ေပး ၿပီးလွ်င္ ကူးသန္းသြားလာေစသည္။
Countries that will not discuss the legal provision of such encouragement may be attacked and ruined. If one country alone has not sufficient strength for this, the attack may be made by two or three western countries in alliance.
တရားသျဖင့္ကူးသန္းသြားလာရေအာင္ ေျပာဆုိ၍ မရသည့္နုိင္ငံကုိလည္းတုိက္ဖ်က္ သည္။ တစ္နုိင္ငံခ်င္းျဖစ္၍ အားမတူ လွ်င္ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံႏွစ္ခုသုံးခုေပါင္းၿပီး တုိက္ သည္။
For the most part among the peoples of the West, wars are undertaken, following the rules of sammāpāsa, on account of hindrances put in the way of their traders.
သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔တြင္ စစ္မက္ျဖစ္ပြါးျခင္းဟူသမွ်သည္ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ကုန္ သည္တုိ႔ကုိ အားေပးျခင္း သမၼာပါသ တရားတုိ႔းပါြးေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ အပိတ္အပင္ အတားအဆီး ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္စစ္ျဖစ္ရသည္သာ မ်ားသည္။
Wars may be begun and wars may be ended only with the agreement of the merchants and farmers. For making war, money has to be provided by merchants and farmers.
စစ္တုိက္ျခင္း၊စစ္ၿငိမ္းျခင္းကုိ ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔ ညီညြတ္မွသာ ျဖစ္နုိင္သည္။ စစ္ တုိက္ရန္စရိတ္ေငြကုိ ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔က စု၍ေပးသည္။
Because they thus in their actions give the greatest importance to the four rules of sangaha and to their promotion, among all the nations the peoples of the West stand out for their prosperity.
As the great kingdoms of the Middle Land were in the past, so now the west is preeminent in power -- economic, military and industrial .
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးကုိ အလြန္အေလးျပဳ၍ တုိးပါြးေအာင္ က်င့္ေဆာင္ၾက ေသာေၾကာင့္ ယခုအခါ မ်ားစြာေသာ တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံတုိ႔တြင္ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံသည္ လြန္စြာစည္ပင္တုိးတက္ ျဖစ္ထြန္းၾကသျဖင့္ ေရွးအခါမစၨ်ိမေဒသ အရပ္မ်ားမွာ ကဲ့သုိ႔ ေရႊ၊ေငြ၊ရဲမက္လက္နက္အင္အား ႀကီးမားလွ်က္ရွိေလသည္။
Since, in our own day, the peoples of the West have made it a matter of great importance to follow the four rules of sangaha, the rulers of those countries wish to ensure that there should be no failure in the collection of taxes and in the handling, by pūrisamedha, of the taxes collected under sassamedha.
For this reason, consultations are held with the houses of the elected officials and of the officials by right of position, to make sure that no one is adversely affected.
Once the tax has been collected, a sufficiency for current use is handed over once a year to the government.
The balance for which there is no immediate use is, with the agreement of the officials, placed on reserve in the treasury. The treasury remains in the charge of the officials.
ယခုအခါသုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔သည္ ဤသဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ အလြန္အေလးျပဳ၍ က်င့္ေဆာင္လုိသည္ျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အခြန္ခံယူျခင္း´သႆေမဓ´၊ ရရွိၿပီးေသာ အခြန္ ကုိ ပုရိသေမဓျဖစ္ေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္း၌ အယုတ္အလြန္မရွိရေအာင္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္း၏ အလုိ အေလွ်ာက္ မျပဳမလုပ္ဘဲ ျပည္သူသေဘာတူေပးသည့္ မွဴးမတ္အစုအသင္းႏွင့္ မွဴးမ်ိဳး မတ္မ်ိဳးျဖစ္ေသာ အစုအသင္းတုိ႔သည္ ျပည္သူတုိ႔မနာမၾကည္းရေအာင္ ညွိႏႈိင္းတုိင္းထြာ ၍ သႆေမဓ ေကာက္ခံၿပီးလွ်င္ ရသည့္ေငြအနက္ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းကုိ ႏွစ္ပတ္လည္သုံး ေလာက္ေအာင္ ဆက္သၿပီး က်န္ေငြမ်ားကုိ အျခားတစ္ပါးအသံုးအေဆာင္မရွိ မွဴးမတ္ တုိ႔သေဘာတူထားသည့္ ေငြတုိက္သုိ႔ သြင္းရသည္။
The treasury does not only take charge of tax money collected in the country; it also holds surplus funds of ministries, of the wealthy and of traders, including their gold silver and jewels.
ထုိေငြတုိက္ကုိလည္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔က ေစာင့္ထိမ္းသည္။ ထုိေငြတုိက္တြင္ နုိင္ငံက ေကာက္ခံရေသာေငြကုိသာ မကေသး၊မင္း မွဴးမတ္ သူေဌးသူႁကြယ္၊ကုန္သည္ႀကီးတုိ႔၌ သုံးေဆာင္သည့္အျပင္ ပုိမိုသမွ် စိန္ ေငြ ေရႊ ေက်ာက္မ်ားကိုလည္း ထုိေငြတုိက္ မွာပင္ သြင္းထားသည္။
Careful accounts are kept of all such moneys and valuables and, whenever it may be in the interest of the country’s defence or advancement, after consultation with and with the assent of the assemblies, following the sammāpāsa rule, budget balances that have been collected from the people in general may be used for making loans at appropriate rates of interest to merchants and farmers .
It empowers the commercial world and assists mutual trading groups.
ေငြတုိက္မွာသြင္းထားေသာေငြကုိ စာရင္းအေသအခ်ာမွတ္သားထုတ္ယူ၍ နိင္ငံကုိ ေစာင့္ေရွာက္ရန္နုိင္ငံအက်ိဳးျဖစ္ထြန္း တုိးပါြးရန္ုတို႔ကုိ မွဴးမတ္ႏွစ္စုႏွစ္သင္းတုိ႔ ညွိႏႈိင္း ေပးကမ္းသုံးေဆာင္ၿပီးလွ်င္ အေတာ္အသင့္ေငြတုိက္မွာအက်န္ႏွင့္ မင္း မွဴးမတ္ ျပည္သူ တုိ႔ ေပါင္းစုသြင္းထားသည့္ေငြမ်ားက သမၼာပါသတရားတုိးပြါးေအာင္ ကုန္သည္ လယ္ လုပ္တုိ႔အား အေစာင့္ အထိမ္းအခမွ်ေလာက္ရုံ အတုိးအပြါးထား၍ ေခ်းငွားမစသည္။ ကုန္သည္တုိ႔အားရွိေအာင္ကုိလည္း ကုန္သည္အခ်င္းခ်င္း ေပါင္းစုစည္းရုံး၍ ကူးသန္းေစ သည္။
Since there is more to be gained from international trading than from trading within one’s own country alone, no barriers are placed to the encouragement of trade with other countries and so associations are formed and travel undertaken.
ကုိယ့္နုိင္ငံတြင္းသာ ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္သည့္ထက္ အျခားနုိင္ငံႏွင့္စပ္၍ ကူးသန္း ေရာင္း၀ယ္ျခင္းက သာ၍အက်ိဳးႀကီးမား ေသာေၾကာင့္ အျခားနုိင္ငံ၀ယ္ ကုန္သည္တုိ႔ ကူးသန္းေရာင္း၀ယ္၌ အပိတ္အပင္အတားအဆီး မရွိရေလေအာင္ မိတ္ဖြဲ႕ေပး ၿပီးလွ်င္ ကူးသန္းသြားလာေစသည္။
Countries that will not discuss the legal provision of such encouragement may be attacked and ruined. If one country alone has not sufficient strength for this, the attack may be made by two or three western countries in alliance.
တရားသျဖင့္ကူးသန္းသြားလာရေအာင္ ေျပာဆုိ၍ မရသည့္နုိင္ငံကုိလည္းတုိက္ဖ်က္ သည္။ တစ္နုိင္ငံခ်င္းျဖစ္၍ အားမတူ လွ်င္ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံႏွစ္ခုသုံးခုေပါင္းၿပီး တုိက္ သည္။
For the most part among the peoples of the West, wars are undertaken, following the rules of sammāpāsa, on account of hindrances put in the way of their traders.
သုိးေဆာင္းလူမ်ိဳးတုိ႔တြင္ စစ္မက္ျဖစ္ပြါးျခင္းဟူသမွ်သည္ မ်ားေသာအားျဖင့္ ကုန္ သည္တုိ႔ကုိ အားေပးျခင္း သမၼာပါသ တရားတုိ႔းပါြးေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ရာ၌ အပိတ္အပင္ အတားအဆီး ရွိေသာေၾကာင့္စစ္ျဖစ္ရသည္သာ မ်ားသည္။
Wars may be begun and wars may be ended only with the agreement of the merchants and farmers. For making war, money has to be provided by merchants and farmers.
စစ္တုိက္ျခင္း၊စစ္ၿငိမ္းျခင္းကုိ ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔ ညီညြတ္မွသာ ျဖစ္နုိင္သည္။ စစ္ တုိက္ရန္စရိတ္ေငြကုိ ကုန္သည္လယ္လုပ္တုိ႔က စု၍ေပးသည္။
Because they thus in their actions give the greatest importance to the four rules of sangaha and to their promotion, among all the nations the peoples of the West stand out for their prosperity.
As the great kingdoms of the Middle Land were in the past, so now the west is preeminent in power -- economic, military and industrial .
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ သဂၤဟတရားေလးပါးကုိ အလြန္အေလးျပဳ၍ တုိးပါြးေအာင္ က်င့္ေဆာင္ၾက ေသာေၾကာင့္ ယခုအခါ မ်ားစြာေသာ တုိင္းျပည္နုိင္ငံတုိ႔တြင္ သုိးေဆာင္းနုိင္ငံသည္ လြန္စြာစည္ပင္တုိးတက္ ျဖစ္ထြန္းၾကသျဖင့္ ေရွးအခါမစၨ်ိမေဒသ အရပ္မ်ားမွာ ကဲ့သုိ႔ ေရႊ၊ေငြ၊ရဲမက္လက္နက္အင္အား ႀကီးမားလွ်က္ရွိေလသည္။
