2.The First Period of Expansion
The first exponents of this expansion in Burma were the Portuguese. From about the year 1510 on, envoys were sent from the Portuguese to the kings of Burma with proposals for the establishment of relationships between the countries upon equal terms.
ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕အလံကုိ ပထမဆုံးစုိက္ထူသူမွာ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔ပင္ ျဖစ္ သည္။ ခရစ္ႏွစ္ ၁၅၁၀ ခုႏွစ္ ေလာက္ကစ၍ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔သည္ ျမန္မာမင္းတုိ႔ထံ ျပည္ေထာင္ခ်င္းခ်င္း တန္းတူရည္တူ ဆက္ဆံေရးစနစ္အရ သံတမန္ေစလႊတ္ခဲ့ ဖူးသည္။
By the middle of the 16th century, there were Portuguese living in Ayoddaya, Pegu, Taungngu, Arakan and other countries of south Asia making a living as mercenary soldiers in the service of the kings for their wars within these lands.
ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ရာစုႏွစ္အလယ္ေလာက္တြင္ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔သည္ ယုိးဒယားျပည္၊ ပဲခူးျပည္၊ေတာင္ငူျပည္၊ အင္း၀ျပည္၊ရခုိင္ျပည္ စေသာ အာရွေတာင္ပုိင္းေဒသရွိ ျပည္ေထာင္ခ်င္းတုိ႔ စစ္ခင္းၾကသည့္အေရးတြင္ ေၾကးစားစစ္သည္ေတာ္မ်ား အျဖစ္ ယုိးဒယားဘုရင္၊ပဲခူးဘုရင္၊ ေတာင္ငူဘုရင္၊အင္း၀ဘုရင္၊ ရခုိင္ဘုရင္ စ သည္တုိ႔၏ လက္ေအာက္တြင္ အမႈထမ္းခဲ့ၾကသည္။
The Burmese Chronicles tell the well-known story of how Tabinshweihti grew familiar with his Portuguese and how this was his undoing .
တပင္ေရႊထီးသည္ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔ႏွင့္ေပါင္းမိ၍ ပ်က္စီးျခင္းေရာက္ခဲ့သည္မွာ ျမန္မာ့သမုိင္းတြင္ အထင္ အရွား ျဖစ္သည္။
Early in the 17th century again, a Portuguese named Philip de Brito (called Nga Zinga by the Burmese) became involved in the affairs of Burma, to their great annoyance.
တဖန္ဆယ့္ခုနစ္ရာစုအ၀င္၌ ျမန္မာ့အေခၚငဇင္ကာဟုတြင္ေသာ ေပၚတူဂီလူမ်ိဳး ဖစ္လစ္ဒီပရီတုိသည္ ေတာင္ငူဘုရင္ နတ္ရွင္ေနာင္ႏွင့္ေပါင္းမိ၍ ျမန္မာတုိ႔၏ အေရးထဲတြင္ ၀င္ေရာက္ေႏွာင့္ယွက္ခဲ့သည္။
In 1613 King Anaukphetlun laid siege to Nga Zinga in Thanlyin and eradicated his designs for expansion. From this time the power of the Portuguese little by little disappeared from Burma. Nevertheless, the advance of empire did not come to a halt. The English, the Dutch and the French moved in to take the place of the Portuguese.
ခရစ္၁၆၁၃ခုႏွစ္တြင္အေနာက္ဘက္လြန္မင္းတရားသည္ ငဇင္ကာကုိ သန္လ်င္ ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ကားစင္တင္ျခင္းျဖင့္ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ ပေယာဂကုိ ရွင္းလင္းသုဓ္သင္သည္။ သုိ႔ႏွင့္ပင္ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔၏ဩဇာသည္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံမွ တစ္စ တစ္စ ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ သြားခဲ့၏။ သုိ႔ေသာ္ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕၏ေျခလွမ္းသည္ ရပ္တန္႔သြားသည္မဟုတ္။ ေပၚတူ ဂီတုိ႔၏ ေနရာကုိ အဂၤလိပ္၊ဒတ္ခ်္ႏွင့္ ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔သည္ ယူလာၾကသည္။
In 1599, the year of King Nanda's death and of the destruction of the Pegu kingdom, the English established themselves in Pegu and the English East India Company set up their factory.
ျမန္မာသကၠရာဇ္ ၉၆၁(ခရစ္ ၁၅၉၉) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ နႏၵဘုရင္နတ္ရြာစံ၍ ပဲခူးေန ျပည္ေတာ္ ပ်က္စီးေသာအခါ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ ပဲခူးတြင္အစျပဳ၍ အဂၤလိပ္ အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီကုိ စတင္တည္ေထာင္သည္။
In rivalry, the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602.
ထုိအခါဒတ္ခ်္တုိ႔ကလည္း ၉၆၄ (ခရစ္ ၁၆၀၂) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ အၿပိဳင္ အဆုိင္ ဒတ္ခ်္အေရွ႕ အႏၵိယ ကုမၸဏီကုိ တည္ေထာင္သည္။
This company was set up to keep the English from getting a foothold in Burma, even if at a loss. The interval gave Burma a time of freedom of action.
ဒတ္ခ်္တုိ႔သည္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ ေျခကုပ္မရနုိင္ေအာင္ ကုမၸဏီကုိ အရႈံးခံလွ်က္ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၾကာလတ္ ေသာအခါျမန္မာနုိင္ငံကုိ လက္လႊတ္ လုိက္ရသည္။
At this time, the French East India Company too gained a foothold in the country.
ထုိအခါ ျပင္သစ္အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီလည္း ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ အေျခစုိက္လာခဲ့ သည္။
In the mid-18th century the rivalry between the French and the English companies began to have violent effects in the kingdom of Burma.
ဆယ့္ရွစ္ရာစုႏွစ္အလယ္သုိ႔ေရာက္ေသာအခါ အဂၤလိပ္ႏွင့္ျပင္သစ္အေရွ႕ အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီတုိ႔၏ အၿပိဳင္ အဆုိင္ ဩဇာ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ ေသာနုိင္ငံေရးသည္ ျပင္းထန္ လာေလသည္။
After the great Alaunghpaya had restored the kingdom, the English and the French carried on their intrigues in Burma with the Mons.
အေလာင္းမင္းတရားႀကီးသည္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံေတာ္ကုိ ျပန္လည္စည္းရုံးေသာအခါ အဂၤလိပ္ႏွင့္ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔သည္ ျမန္မာ့နုိင္ငံေရး ထဲတြင္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ပူးတုံခြါတုံ၊ မြန္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ပူးတုံခြါတုံျပဳ၍ စြက္ဖက္ျခယ္လွယ္လာၾကသည္။
First of all the English, to keep in line with the French, planted a factory of the East India Company in Thanlyin as a foothold and then, in 1753, after building a small fort in Thanlyin, opened up their foothold near to the Maw-tin Point in the Hainggyi Island.
ဦးစြာပထမ၌ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္အလားတူသန္လ်င္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ အေရွ႕ အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီပုိင္ အလုပ္ရုံ ေခၚအေျခခံ စခန္းကုိ ထားရွိသည္။ ၁၁၁၅ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၅၃)ခုႏွစ္ခန္႔တြင္ သန္လ်င္၌ခံတပ္ငယ္ တစ္ခုကိုသာ ထားၿပီးေမာ္တင္စြန္းအနီး ရွိ ဟုိင္းႀကီးကၽြန္း၀ယ္ အေျခခံစခန္းဖြင့္လွစ္သည္။
After King Alaunghpaya turned the course of the war in 1756, he destroyed both the factory in Thanlyin in 1756 and, in 1757-8, its extension in Hainggyi Island, so as to leave no trace behind. This was not the end of the plans for expansion.
အေလာင္းမင္းတရားႀကီးသည္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံေတာင္ပုိင္းကုိ စစ္ဦးလွည့္လာေသာ အခါ ၁၁၁၈ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၅၆) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ သန္လ်င္ရွိနယ္ခ်ဲ႕အေျခခံစခန္းကုိလည္း ေကာင္း၊ ၁၁၂၀ျပည္႔ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၅၇) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဟုိင္းႀကီး ကၽြန္းရွိ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕အေျခခံ စခန္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း အျမစ္ပါမက်န္ေအာင္ သုဓ္သင္ရွင္းလင္းလုိက္ေလ သည္။ သုိ႔ႏွင့္လည္း နယ္ခ်ဲ႕စနစ္သည္ အၿပီးအပုိင္ အသက္ထြက္သြားသည္ မဟုတ္။
In 1797 the English, in hopes of a victory in their rivalry with the French, returned to make a treaty with the Burmese, and in this year the Governor of British India sent Captain Michael Symes as his envoy to King Hsinbyushin at Ava.
၁၁၆၇ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၉၅) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္နုိင္ရန္ အလုိ႔ငွာ ျမန္မာတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မဟာ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔လာၾက ျပန္သည္။ ထုိႏွစ္တြင္ အင္း၀ဘုရင္ ဆင္ျဖဴရွင္မင္းတရားထံသုိ႔ ကပၸတိန္မုိက္ခဲလ္ ဆုိင္းမ္စ္အား ၿဗိတိသွ်ပုိင္ အိႏၵိယ ဘုရင္ ခံက သံတမန္ေစလႊတ္သည္။
From this time on, the rivalry between the English and the French became deeply entangled in the affairs of Burma, and for the Burmese there were few spells of relief from their pricking. In 1824 came the first war between the English and the Burmese.
ထုိသည္မွစ၍ ျမန္မာ့နုိင္ငံေရးထဲတြင္ အဂၤလိပ္ ျပင္သစ္ၿပိဳင္ဆုိင္မႈနုိင္ငံေရးသည္ ခ်ဥ္းနင္း၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့ ေလရာ ထုိေခတ္ ထုိအခါက ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ဆူးၾကား သီးေသာ ဘူးပမာ ျဖစ္ရရွာေလသည္။ ၁၁၈၅ (ခရစ္ ၁၈၂၄) ခုႏွစ္၌ကား အဂၤ လိပ္ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ပထမအႀကိမ္ စစ္ျဖစ္ၾကရေလသည္။
Up to this time the Burmese had never had to accept the superiority of other people except to the extent that of the immediate royal family was accepted. They had never had to accept the superiority of people from another land who were not of royal race. Now, however, it had to be faced.
ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ယခင္ကသူတစ္ပါးလႊမ္းမုိးျခင္းခံခဲ့ရသည္ဆုိသည္မွာ လူမ်ိဳးခ်င္း ေသြးသားေတာ္စပ္သူတုိ႔၏ လႊမ္းမုိးျခင္း ကုိသာ ခံခဲ့ရဖူးသည္။ လူမ်ိဳးခ်င္း ေသြး သားေတာ္စပ္၍မရနုိင္ေသာ တုိင္းတစ္ပါးသားတုိ႔၏ လႊမ္းမုိး ျခင္းကုိကား မခံခဲ့ရ ဖူးေခ်။ ယခုအႀကိမ္၌ကား ခံလုိက္ၾကရေလသည္။
Therefore, when it came to dealings with people who could not claim royalty, eastern customs and rules of intercourse had to change and allow for different customs used by other peoples.
ေသြး သားေတာ္စပ္၍မရနုိင္ေသာ သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ဆက္ဆံလာရေသာအခါ အေရွ႕ တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ ထုံးတမ္းအရ ျပည္ေထာင္ အခ်င္းခ်င္း ဆက္ဆံေသာ သေဘာ တရားတုိ႔သည္ တစ္မ်ိဳးတစ္ဖုံ ေျပာင္းလဲ လာခဲ့ရေလသည္။
In dealing with the rulers of other lands, the kings of Burma had dealt directly and on equal terms.
ျမန္မာမင္းတုိ႔သည္ တုိင္းတစ္ပါးမင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ရာတြင္ တန္းတူရည္တူ တုိက္ရုိက္သာ ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ဖူးၾက သည္။
Now, however, they had to deal with an imperialistic power and it was not a matter of dealing directly and on equal terms between nations, as they had with the Portuguese; they must deal now with the East India Company, now with the Governor.
ယခုနယ္ခ်ဲ႕တုိ႔ႏွင့္ဆက္ဆံလာရေသာအခါ ေပၚတူဂီမင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံစဥ္က ကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည္ေထာင္အခ်င္းခ်င္း တန္းတူရည္တူ တုိက္ရုိက္ဆက္ဆံသည့္သေဘာ မ်ိဳးမဟုတ္ဘဲ အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီမွ တစ္ဆင့္ေသာ္ လည္း ေကာင္း၊ ဘုရင္ခံထံ မွတစ္ဆင့္ ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ရသည္။
Successive kings of Burma never learned to handle such dealings with skill.
ျမန္မာဘုရင္အဆက္ဆက္တုိ႔သည္ ဤသုိ႔ေသာနုိင္ငံျခားဆက္ဆံေရးမ်ိဳးကုိ တစ္ရံတစ္ဆစ္မွ် မေက်နပ္ခဲ့ၾကေခ်။
When peace was made to end the first Anglo-Burmese War, the Burmese and the English concluded a treaty at Rantapo.
အဂၤလိပ္ ျမန္မာ ပထမစစ္ပြဲေျပၿငိမ္းေသာအခါ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ရႏၱပုိစာခ်ဳပ္ကုိ ခ်ဳပ္ဆုိၾကရသည္။
It was a treaty in which the Burmese agreed to follow the custom of westerners in relationships with other lands.
ထုိစာခ်ဳပ္သည္ အေနာက္တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ နုိင္ငံျခားဆက္ဆံေရး ဓေလ့ထုံးစံတစ္ ရပ္ကုိ ျမန္မာတုိ႔အား ခ်မွတ္ ေပးေသာ စာခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။
In particular, it was a treaty in which the stronger party imposed his ideas upon the weaker.
တစ္နည္းဆုိေသာ္ အင္အားနည္းသူအား အင္အားႀကီးသူက မိမိသေဘာက် စညး္ကမ္းသတ္မွတ္ေပးေသာ စာခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။
In clause seven (7) of the treaty it was provided that an agent of the Governor was permitted to live in the Burmese capital (Ava) with a guard of fifty soldiers. Reciprocally, the Burmese king might maintain a guard of fifty soldiers for his agent living in the Governor's capital of Kolkata.
ထုိစာခ်ဳပ္ပါ အပုိဒ္(၇)တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္ဘုရင္ခံ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္တစ္ဦးသည္ ျမန္မာ မင္း၏ေနျပည္ေတာ္ (အင္း၀) တြင္ အေစာင့္ အေရွာက္စစ္သားငါးဆယ္ႏွင့္တကြ ေနထုိင္ခြင့္ရွိ၍ အတုံ႔အလွဲ႔အားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာဘုရင္၏ ကုိယ္စား လွယ္သည္အေစာင့္ အေရွာက္စစ္သားငါးဆယ္ႏွင့္အတူ အဂၤလိပ္ဘုရင္ခံမင္း၏ ေနျပည္ေတာ္ (ကာလ ကတၱား ၿမိဳ႕)တြင္ေနထုိင္နုိင္ခြင့္ရွိေစရ မည္ဟု ဆုိသည္။
As for the Burmese, they had few reasons to want to appoint an agent in Kolkata on a permanent basis.
ျမန္မာတုိ႔အဖုိ႔ကာလကတၱား၌ကုိယ္စားလွယ္အၿမဲတမ္းခန္႔အပ္ထားရန္အ ေၾကာင္းမ်ားစြာ မရွိေခ်။
The peoples of the East were accustomed, if any special point of business arose in connection with their dealings with another country, to send an envoy specifically for that business and to see it settled.
အေၾကာင္းထူးတစ္စုံတစ္ရာရွိလွ်င္ အေရွ႕တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ နုိင္ငံျခားဆက္ဆံေရး ထုံးတမ္းစဥ္လာအရ အခုိက္ အတန္႔အားျဖင့္ သံတမန္ေစလႊတ္လွ်င္ အမႈၿပီးေျပ နုိင္သည္။
The English, on the other hand, wished to establish a permanent agency, hoping to extend its scope beyond commerce.
အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ကား ၎တုိ႔၏ကုန္သည္အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားကုိ ခ်ဲ႕ထြင္လုိျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္ အၿမဲတမ္း ထားလုိသည္။
Wishing to give life to clause seven (7) of the Rantapo treaty, the Governor of British India sent as his agent to Ava Major Henry Burney (referred to in the Burmese chronicle as “Me-se Bawrani”). Burney arrived at Ava on the 24th of April 1830.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ရႏၱပုိစာခ်ဳပ္ အပုိဒ္ (၇) ကုိ အသက္သြင္းေပးရန္အလုိ႔ငွာ ၿဗိတိသွ်ပိုင္ အိႏၵိယဘုရင္ခံခ်ဳပ္သည္ ျမန္မာရာဇ၀င္တြင္ မယ္စယ္ေဘာ္ရနီ ဟုတြင္ေသာ ေမဂ်ာဟင္နရီဗာေနရ္ကုိ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္ခန္႔၍ အင္း၀သုိ႔ ေစလႊတ္သည္။ ခရစ္ (၁၈၃၀) ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလ (၂၄) ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗားေနရ္သည္ အင္း၀ၿမိဳ႕သုိ႔ ေရာက္လာသည္။
The first exponents of this expansion in Burma were the Portuguese. From about the year 1510 on, envoys were sent from the Portuguese to the kings of Burma with proposals for the establishment of relationships between the countries upon equal terms.
ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕အလံကုိ ပထမဆုံးစုိက္ထူသူမွာ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔ပင္ ျဖစ္ သည္။ ခရစ္ႏွစ္ ၁၅၁၀ ခုႏွစ္ ေလာက္ကစ၍ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔သည္ ျမန္မာမင္းတုိ႔ထံ ျပည္ေထာင္ခ်င္းခ်င္း တန္းတူရည္တူ ဆက္ဆံေရးစနစ္အရ သံတမန္ေစလႊတ္ခဲ့ ဖူးသည္။
By the middle of the 16th century, there were Portuguese living in Ayoddaya, Pegu, Taungngu, Arakan and other countries of south Asia making a living as mercenary soldiers in the service of the kings for their wars within these lands.
ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ရာစုႏွစ္အလယ္ေလာက္တြင္ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔သည္ ယုိးဒယားျပည္၊ ပဲခူးျပည္၊ေတာင္ငူျပည္၊ အင္း၀ျပည္၊ရခုိင္ျပည္ စေသာ အာရွေတာင္ပုိင္းေဒသရွိ ျပည္ေထာင္ခ်င္းတုိ႔ စစ္ခင္းၾကသည့္အေရးတြင္ ေၾကးစားစစ္သည္ေတာ္မ်ား အျဖစ္ ယုိးဒယားဘုရင္၊ပဲခူးဘုရင္၊ ေတာင္ငူဘုရင္၊အင္း၀ဘုရင္၊ ရခုိင္ဘုရင္ စ သည္တုိ႔၏ လက္ေအာက္တြင္ အမႈထမ္းခဲ့ၾကသည္။
The Burmese Chronicles tell the well-known story of how Tabinshweihti grew familiar with his Portuguese and how this was his undoing .
တပင္ေရႊထီးသည္ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔ႏွင့္ေပါင္းမိ၍ ပ်က္စီးျခင္းေရာက္ခဲ့သည္မွာ ျမန္မာ့သမုိင္းတြင္ အထင္ အရွား ျဖစ္သည္။
Early in the 17th century again, a Portuguese named Philip de Brito (called Nga Zinga by the Burmese) became involved in the affairs of Burma, to their great annoyance.
တဖန္ဆယ့္ခုနစ္ရာစုအ၀င္၌ ျမန္မာ့အေခၚငဇင္ကာဟုတြင္ေသာ ေပၚတူဂီလူမ်ိဳး ဖစ္လစ္ဒီပရီတုိသည္ ေတာင္ငူဘုရင္ နတ္ရွင္ေနာင္ႏွင့္ေပါင္းမိ၍ ျမန္မာတုိ႔၏ အေရးထဲတြင္ ၀င္ေရာက္ေႏွာင့္ယွက္ခဲ့သည္။
In 1613 King Anaukphetlun laid siege to Nga Zinga in Thanlyin and eradicated his designs for expansion. From this time the power of the Portuguese little by little disappeared from Burma. Nevertheless, the advance of empire did not come to a halt. The English, the Dutch and the French moved in to take the place of the Portuguese.
ခရစ္၁၆၁၃ခုႏွစ္တြင္အေနာက္ဘက္လြန္မင္းတရားသည္ ငဇင္ကာကုိ သန္လ်င္ ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ကားစင္တင္ျခင္းျဖင့္ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ ပေယာဂကုိ ရွင္းလင္းသုဓ္သင္သည္။ သုိ႔ႏွင့္ပင္ ေပၚတူဂီတုိ႔၏ဩဇာသည္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံမွ တစ္စ တစ္စ ေပ်ာက္ကြယ္ သြားခဲ့၏။ သုိ႔ေသာ္ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕၏ေျခလွမ္းသည္ ရပ္တန္႔သြားသည္မဟုတ္။ ေပၚတူ ဂီတုိ႔၏ ေနရာကုိ အဂၤလိပ္၊ဒတ္ခ်္ႏွင့္ ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔သည္ ယူလာၾကသည္။
In 1599, the year of King Nanda's death and of the destruction of the Pegu kingdom, the English established themselves in Pegu and the English East India Company set up their factory.
ျမန္မာသကၠရာဇ္ ၉၆၁(ခရစ္ ၁၅၉၉) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ နႏၵဘုရင္နတ္ရြာစံ၍ ပဲခူးေန ျပည္ေတာ္ ပ်က္စီးေသာအခါ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ ပဲခူးတြင္အစျပဳ၍ အဂၤလိပ္ အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီကုိ စတင္တည္ေထာင္သည္။
In rivalry, the Dutch East India Company was established in 1602.
ထုိအခါဒတ္ခ်္တုိ႔ကလည္း ၉၆၄ (ခရစ္ ၁၆၀၂) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ အၿပိဳင္ အဆုိင္ ဒတ္ခ်္အေရွ႕ အႏၵိယ ကုမၸဏီကုိ တည္ေထာင္သည္။
This company was set up to keep the English from getting a foothold in Burma, even if at a loss. The interval gave Burma a time of freedom of action.
ဒတ္ခ်္တုိ႔သည္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ ေျခကုပ္မရနုိင္ေအာင္ ကုမၸဏီကုိ အရႈံးခံလွ်က္ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေသာ္လည္း ၾကာလတ္ ေသာအခါျမန္မာနုိင္ငံကုိ လက္လႊတ္ လုိက္ရသည္။
At this time, the French East India Company too gained a foothold in the country.
ထုိအခါ ျပင္သစ္အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီလည္း ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံတြင္ အေျခစုိက္လာခဲ့ သည္။
In the mid-18th century the rivalry between the French and the English companies began to have violent effects in the kingdom of Burma.
ဆယ့္ရွစ္ရာစုႏွစ္အလယ္သုိ႔ေရာက္ေသာအခါ အဂၤလိပ္ႏွင့္ျပင္သစ္အေရွ႕ အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီတုိ႔၏ အၿပိဳင္ အဆုိင္ ဩဇာ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕ ေသာနုိင္ငံေရးသည္ ျပင္းထန္ လာေလသည္။
After the great Alaunghpaya had restored the kingdom, the English and the French carried on their intrigues in Burma with the Mons.
အေလာင္းမင္းတရားႀကီးသည္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံေတာ္ကုိ ျပန္လည္စည္းရုံးေသာအခါ အဂၤလိပ္ႏွင့္ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔သည္ ျမန္မာ့နုိင္ငံေရး ထဲတြင္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ပူးတုံခြါတုံ၊ မြန္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ပူးတုံခြါတုံျပဳ၍ စြက္ဖက္ျခယ္လွယ္လာၾကသည္။
First of all the English, to keep in line with the French, planted a factory of the East India Company in Thanlyin as a foothold and then, in 1753, after building a small fort in Thanlyin, opened up their foothold near to the Maw-tin Point in the Hainggyi Island.
ဦးစြာပထမ၌ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္အလားတူသန္လ်င္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ အေရွ႕ အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီပုိင္ အလုပ္ရုံ ေခၚအေျခခံ စခန္းကုိ ထားရွိသည္။ ၁၁၁၅ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၅၃)ခုႏွစ္ခန္႔တြင္ သန္လ်င္၌ခံတပ္ငယ္ တစ္ခုကိုသာ ထားၿပီးေမာ္တင္စြန္းအနီး ရွိ ဟုိင္းႀကီးကၽြန္း၀ယ္ အေျခခံစခန္းဖြင့္လွစ္သည္။
After King Alaunghpaya turned the course of the war in 1756, he destroyed both the factory in Thanlyin in 1756 and, in 1757-8, its extension in Hainggyi Island, so as to leave no trace behind. This was not the end of the plans for expansion.
အေလာင္းမင္းတရားႀကီးသည္ ျမန္မာနုိင္ငံေတာင္ပုိင္းကုိ စစ္ဦးလွည့္လာေသာ အခါ ၁၁၁၈ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၅၆) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ သန္လ်င္ရွိနယ္ခ်ဲ႕အေျခခံစခန္းကုိလည္း ေကာင္း၊ ၁၁၂၀ျပည္႔ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၅၇) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ဟုိင္းႀကီး ကၽြန္းရွိ နယ္ခ်ဲ႕အေျခခံ စခန္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း အျမစ္ပါမက်န္ေအာင္ သုဓ္သင္ရွင္းလင္းလုိက္ေလ သည္။ သုိ႔ႏွင့္လည္း နယ္ခ်ဲ႕စနစ္သည္ အၿပီးအပုိင္ အသက္ထြက္သြားသည္ မဟုတ္။
In 1797 the English, in hopes of a victory in their rivalry with the French, returned to make a treaty with the Burmese, and in this year the Governor of British India sent Captain Michael Symes as his envoy to King Hsinbyushin at Ava.
၁၁၆၇ (ခရစ္ ၁၇၉၅) ခုႏွစ္တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔သည္ ျပင္သစ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ယွဥ္ၿပိဳင္နုိင္ရန္ အလုိ႔ငွာ ျမန္မာတုိ႔ႏွင့္ မဟာ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔လာၾက ျပန္သည္။ ထုိႏွစ္တြင္ အင္း၀ဘုရင္ ဆင္ျဖဴရွင္မင္းတရားထံသုိ႔ ကပၸတိန္မုိက္ခဲလ္ ဆုိင္းမ္စ္အား ၿဗိတိသွ်ပုိင္ အိႏၵိယ ဘုရင္ ခံက သံတမန္ေစလႊတ္သည္။
From this time on, the rivalry between the English and the French became deeply entangled in the affairs of Burma, and for the Burmese there were few spells of relief from their pricking. In 1824 came the first war between the English and the Burmese.
ထုိသည္မွစ၍ ျမန္မာ့နုိင္ငံေရးထဲတြင္ အဂၤလိပ္ ျပင္သစ္ၿပိဳင္ဆုိင္မႈနုိင္ငံေရးသည္ ခ်ဥ္းနင္း၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့ ေလရာ ထုိေခတ္ ထုိအခါက ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ဆူးၾကား သီးေသာ ဘူးပမာ ျဖစ္ရရွာေလသည္။ ၁၁၈၅ (ခရစ္ ၁၈၂၄) ခုႏွစ္၌ကား အဂၤ လိပ္ႏွင့္ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ပထမအႀကိမ္ စစ္ျဖစ္ၾကရေလသည္။
Up to this time the Burmese had never had to accept the superiority of other people except to the extent that of the immediate royal family was accepted. They had never had to accept the superiority of people from another land who were not of royal race. Now, however, it had to be faced.
ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ ယခင္ကသူတစ္ပါးလႊမ္းမုိးျခင္းခံခဲ့ရသည္ဆုိသည္မွာ လူမ်ိဳးခ်င္း ေသြးသားေတာ္စပ္သူတုိ႔၏ လႊမ္းမုိးျခင္း ကုိသာ ခံခဲ့ရဖူးသည္။ လူမ်ိဳးခ်င္း ေသြး သားေတာ္စပ္၍မရနုိင္ေသာ တုိင္းတစ္ပါးသားတုိ႔၏ လႊမ္းမုိး ျခင္းကုိကား မခံခဲ့ရ ဖူးေခ်။ ယခုအႀကိမ္၌ကား ခံလုိက္ၾကရေလသည္။
Therefore, when it came to dealings with people who could not claim royalty, eastern customs and rules of intercourse had to change and allow for different customs used by other peoples.
ေသြး သားေတာ္စပ္၍မရနုိင္ေသာ သူတုိ႔ႏွင့္ဆက္ဆံလာရေသာအခါ အေရွ႕ တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ ထုံးတမ္းအရ ျပည္ေထာင္ အခ်င္းခ်င္း ဆက္ဆံေသာ သေဘာ တရားတုိ႔သည္ တစ္မ်ိဳးတစ္ဖုံ ေျပာင္းလဲ လာခဲ့ရေလသည္။
In dealing with the rulers of other lands, the kings of Burma had dealt directly and on equal terms.
ျမန္မာမင္းတုိ႔သည္ တုိင္းတစ္ပါးမင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ရာတြင္ တန္းတူရည္တူ တုိက္ရုိက္သာ ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ဖူးၾက သည္။
Now, however, they had to deal with an imperialistic power and it was not a matter of dealing directly and on equal terms between nations, as they had with the Portuguese; they must deal now with the East India Company, now with the Governor.
ယခုနယ္ခ်ဲ႕တုိ႔ႏွင့္ဆက္ဆံလာရေသာအခါ ေပၚတူဂီမင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္ ဆက္ဆံစဥ္က ကဲ့သုိ႔ ျပည္ေထာင္အခ်င္းခ်င္း တန္းတူရည္တူ တုိက္ရုိက္ဆက္ဆံသည့္သေဘာ မ်ိဳးမဟုတ္ဘဲ အေရွ႕အိႏၵိယကုမၸဏီမွ တစ္ဆင့္ေသာ္ လည္း ေကာင္း၊ ဘုရင္ခံထံ မွတစ္ဆင့္ ေသာ္လည္းေကာင္း ဆက္ဆံခဲ့ရသည္။
Successive kings of Burma never learned to handle such dealings with skill.
ျမန္မာဘုရင္အဆက္ဆက္တုိ႔သည္ ဤသုိ႔ေသာနုိင္ငံျခားဆက္ဆံေရးမ်ိဳးကုိ တစ္ရံတစ္ဆစ္မွ် မေက်နပ္ခဲ့ၾကေခ်။
When peace was made to end the first Anglo-Burmese War, the Burmese and the English concluded a treaty at Rantapo.
အဂၤလိပ္ ျမန္မာ ပထမစစ္ပြဲေျပၿငိမ္းေသာအခါ ျမန္မာတုိ႔သည္ အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ ရႏၱပုိစာခ်ဳပ္ကုိ ခ်ဳပ္ဆုိၾကရသည္။
It was a treaty in which the Burmese agreed to follow the custom of westerners in relationships with other lands.
ထုိစာခ်ဳပ္သည္ အေနာက္တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ နုိင္ငံျခားဆက္ဆံေရး ဓေလ့ထုံးစံတစ္ ရပ္ကုိ ျမန္မာတုိ႔အား ခ်မွတ္ ေပးေသာ စာခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။
In particular, it was a treaty in which the stronger party imposed his ideas upon the weaker.
တစ္နည္းဆုိေသာ္ အင္အားနည္းသူအား အင္အားႀကီးသူက မိမိသေဘာက် စညး္ကမ္းသတ္မွတ္ေပးေသာ စာခ်ဳပ္ျဖစ္သည္။
In clause seven (7) of the treaty it was provided that an agent of the Governor was permitted to live in the Burmese capital (Ava) with a guard of fifty soldiers. Reciprocally, the Burmese king might maintain a guard of fifty soldiers for his agent living in the Governor's capital of Kolkata.
ထုိစာခ်ဳပ္ပါ အပုိဒ္(၇)တြင္ အဂၤလိပ္ဘုရင္ခံ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္တစ္ဦးသည္ ျမန္မာ မင္း၏ေနျပည္ေတာ္ (အင္း၀) တြင္ အေစာင့္ အေရွာက္စစ္သားငါးဆယ္ႏွင့္တကြ ေနထုိင္ခြင့္ရွိ၍ အတုံ႔အလွဲ႔အားျဖင့္ ျမန္မာဘုရင္၏ ကုိယ္စား လွယ္သည္အေစာင့္ အေရွာက္စစ္သားငါးဆယ္ႏွင့္အတူ အဂၤလိပ္ဘုရင္ခံမင္း၏ ေနျပည္ေတာ္ (ကာလ ကတၱား ၿမိဳ႕)တြင္ေနထုိင္နုိင္ခြင့္ရွိေစရ မည္ဟု ဆုိသည္။
As for the Burmese, they had few reasons to want to appoint an agent in Kolkata on a permanent basis.
ျမန္မာတုိ႔အဖုိ႔ကာလကတၱား၌ကုိယ္စားလွယ္အၿမဲတမ္းခန္႔အပ္ထားရန္အ ေၾကာင္းမ်ားစြာ မရွိေခ်။
The peoples of the East were accustomed, if any special point of business arose in connection with their dealings with another country, to send an envoy specifically for that business and to see it settled.
အေၾကာင္းထူးတစ္စုံတစ္ရာရွိလွ်င္ အေရွ႕တုိင္းသားတုိ႔၏ နုိင္ငံျခားဆက္ဆံေရး ထုံးတမ္းစဥ္လာအရ အခုိက္ အတန္႔အားျဖင့္ သံတမန္ေစလႊတ္လွ်င္ အမႈၿပီးေျပ နုိင္သည္။
The English, on the other hand, wished to establish a permanent agency, hoping to extend its scope beyond commerce.
အဂၤလိပ္တုိ႔ကား ၎တုိ႔၏ကုန္သည္အခြင့္အေရးမ်ားကုိ ခ်ဲ႕ထြင္လုိျခင္းေၾကာင့္ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္ အၿမဲတမ္း ထားလုိသည္။
Wishing to give life to clause seven (7) of the Rantapo treaty, the Governor of British India sent as his agent to Ava Major Henry Burney (referred to in the Burmese chronicle as “Me-se Bawrani”). Burney arrived at Ava on the 24th of April 1830.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ရႏၱပုိစာခ်ဳပ္ အပုိဒ္ (၇) ကုိ အသက္သြင္းေပးရန္အလုိ႔ငွာ ၿဗိတိသွ်ပိုင္ အိႏၵိယဘုရင္ခံခ်ဳပ္သည္ ျမန္မာရာဇ၀င္တြင္ မယ္စယ္ေဘာ္ရနီ ဟုတြင္ေသာ ေမဂ်ာဟင္နရီဗာေနရ္ကုိ ကုိယ္စားလွယ္ခန္႔၍ အင္း၀သုိ႔ ေစလႊတ္သည္။ ခရစ္ (၁၈၃၀) ျပည့္ႏွစ္ ဧၿပီလ (၂၄) ရက္ေန႔တြင္ ဗားေနရ္သည္ အင္း၀ၿမိဳ႕သုိ႔ ေရာက္လာသည္။
