1. Three tendencies to be avoided by kings -- from the Tesakuna Jātaka
While the Most Excellent, All-knowing Lord was living the religious life in the Jetavana Monastery, advising all living creatures, men, spirits and brahmans on the good life, he gave the following admonishment on staying firm in the law to King Kosala of Pasenadī:
လူ၊နတ္၊ျဗဟၼာ သတၱ၀ါအေပါင္းတု႔ိကုိ ေကာင္းရာေကာင္းေၾကာင္းဆုံးမေတာ္မူတတ္ ေသာ သဗၺညဳျမတ္စြာ ဘုရားသည္ ေဇတ၀န္ေက်ာင္းေတာ္၌ သီတင္းသုံးေနေတာ္မူစဉ္ ပေသနဒီေကာသလမင္းႀကီးကုိ တရား၌ တည္ေအာင္ ဆုံးမေတာ္မူလုိ သည္ျဖစ္၍…
That is to say: King Death does not make appointments for the time to die; no gifts or offerings taken by King Death can win freedom from death. No one can fight against King Death. No one can defeat him. All creatures come to no other end but to lie in death.
ေသမင္းႏွင့္ မည္သည့္အခ်ိန္ေသရမည္ဟူ၍ အခ်ိန္းအခ်က္သည္မရွိ။တံစုိးလက္ေဆာင္ ေပး၍ ေသျခင္းမွ လြတ္ေသာ မည္သည္မရွိ။ေသမင္းႏွင့္စစ္ထုိးနုိင္သူမရွိ။ ေသမင္းကုိ ေအာင္ျမင္နုိင္ေသာသူ မရွိ။ သက္ရွိ သတၱ၀ါအားလုံးတုိ႔သည္ ေသမင္းသုိ႔သာလွ်င္ လဲ ေလွ်ာင္းၾကရကုန္၏။
No ruler can order it that a particular man shall not die. There is only one Ruler who ordains that no creature will avoid death, and so Death earns his title of King .
ေသျခင္းသည္သာလွ်င္ သူ႔ကုိမေသနုိင္ေအာင္ အစုိးရသူမရွိ၊ သူကသာအစုိးရ၍ သတၱ၀ါ အားလုံးတုိ႔သည္ ေသျခင္းကုိ မလြန္ နုိ္င္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မင္းႏွင့္တူရကား ေသမင္းမည္၏။
Dealing with the impossibility of avoiding death, a moment of the Buddhuppāda (the age in which a Buddha is born) states the law that anyone who has attained humanity must come to his death. In times past before the Religion (sāsanā), there was no other law laid down to be observed but the law of Death.
ဤသုိ႔အလြန္ရနုိင္ခဲေသာ ဗုဒၶဳပၸါဒ န၀မခဏ၌ လူ႔အျဖစ္ကုိရပါေသာ္လည္း ဧကန္ေသရ မည္ျဖစ္၍ တရား၌ တည္ရမည္။ ေသလွ်င္တရားမွတစ္ပါး အျခားကုိးကြယ္ရာမရွိ။
At a time when no organised Religion (sāsanā) existed, there was no one to expound any law with authority, and those who wished to follow the law had to listen and follow what was told them by wise birds and animals. In the Tesakuna Jātaka, in the forty-sixth nipāta, there is a description of hearing and following such an omen and of the benefits won by doing so.
ေရွးသာသနာပအခါ ေကာင္းမြန္စြာတရားေဟာေျပာတတ္သူမရွိ။ တရားကုိက်င့္ေဆာင္ လုိေသာသူတုိ႔သည္ ပညာရွိ ငွက္၊တိရစၧာန္တုိ႔ ေဟာေျပာေသာတရားကုိေသာ္လည္း နာ ခံ၊မွတ္သားက်င့္ေဆာင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အက်ိဳးမ်ားစြာ ခံစားရဖူး ေလသည္ ဟူ၍ အတိတ္ ကုိေဆာင္ေတာ္မူၿပီးလွ်င္ စတၱာလီသနိပါတ္၊ ေတသကုဏ ဇာတ္ကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
It is told there how Brahmadatta, King of vāranasī (the future Ānanda, brother to the Lord), asked the Owl Vessantarā (the future Sāriputtā) what a king must do to be a good king, and received the answer:
ထုိေတသကုဏဇာတ္၌ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာအေလာင္း ဗာရာဏသီျပည္ကုိ အစုိးရေသာ ျဗဟၼဒတ္မင္းက၊ အရွင္သာရိပုတၱာ အေလာင္း ေ၀ႆႏၱရာမည္ေသာ ခင္ပုပ္ငွက္ကုိ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔မည္သည္ မည္သည့္ အမႈကုိျပဳလွ်င္ ျမတ္သနည္းဟူေသာ အေမးကုိ ေျဖလုိ၍
That is to say: One who is called a king, lord of the land, in administering his country must above all restrain himself from false and deceitful speech, from wrath, from neglecting the country's concerns for indulgence in shows and other sensual pleasures. He should govern the land following these three rules. The Lord and other wise men have pronounced these three rules to be those to be followed by kings.
လယ္ေျမတုိ႔အရွင္ျဖစ္ေတာ္မူေသာမင္းႀကီး၊မင္းမည္သည္ကား တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈျပဳရာ လက္မြန္အစ၊ ပဌမက သာလွ်င္ မဟုတ္မမွန္ခၽြတ္ယြင္းေသာစကားကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ အမ်က္ထြက္ျခင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ပဲြလမ္း သဘင္အေပ်ာ္အပါး ကာမဂုဏ္ကုိ ခံစား၍ တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈကုိ အေလးမျပဳေပါ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း တားျဖစ္ရာ၏။ ထုိသုံးပါး ကုိေစာင့္ထိမ္း ၿပီးေနာက္မွ တိုင္းေရးျပည္မႈတုိ႔ကုိျပဳရာ၏။ ထုိတရားသုံးပါးကုိ မင္းတုိ႔၏ က်င့္၀တ္ဟူ၍ ဘုရားအစရွိေသာ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္ ေဟာကုန္၏။
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ဇာတကအ႒ကထာ-၅၊ ၁၇.စတၱာလီသနိပါတ၊ ၁.ေတသကုဏဇာတ္ ႏွာ-၅. ၁၁၄-၇
While the Most Excellent, All-knowing Lord was living the religious life in the Jetavana Monastery, advising all living creatures, men, spirits and brahmans on the good life, he gave the following admonishment on staying firm in the law to King Kosala of Pasenadī:
လူ၊နတ္၊ျဗဟၼာ သတၱ၀ါအေပါင္းတု႔ိကုိ ေကာင္းရာေကာင္းေၾကာင္းဆုံးမေတာ္မူတတ္ ေသာ သဗၺညဳျမတ္စြာ ဘုရားသည္ ေဇတ၀န္ေက်ာင္းေတာ္၌ သီတင္းသုံးေနေတာ္မူစဉ္ ပေသနဒီေကာသလမင္းႀကီးကုိ တရား၌ တည္ေအာင္ ဆုံးမေတာ္မူလုိ သည္ျဖစ္၍…
That is to say: King Death does not make appointments for the time to die; no gifts or offerings taken by King Death can win freedom from death. No one can fight against King Death. No one can defeat him. All creatures come to no other end but to lie in death.
ေသမင္းႏွင့္ မည္သည့္အခ်ိန္ေသရမည္ဟူ၍ အခ်ိန္းအခ်က္သည္မရွိ။တံစုိးလက္ေဆာင္ ေပး၍ ေသျခင္းမွ လြတ္ေသာ မည္သည္မရွိ။ေသမင္းႏွင့္စစ္ထုိးနုိင္သူမရွိ။ ေသမင္းကုိ ေအာင္ျမင္နုိင္ေသာသူ မရွိ။ သက္ရွိ သတၱ၀ါအားလုံးတုိ႔သည္ ေသမင္းသုိ႔သာလွ်င္ လဲ ေလွ်ာင္းၾကရကုန္၏။
No ruler can order it that a particular man shall not die. There is only one Ruler who ordains that no creature will avoid death, and so Death earns his title of King .
ေသျခင္းသည္သာလွ်င္ သူ႔ကုိမေသနုိင္ေအာင္ အစုိးရသူမရွိ၊ သူကသာအစုိးရ၍ သတၱ၀ါ အားလုံးတုိ႔သည္ ေသျခင္းကုိ မလြန္ နုိ္င္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မင္းႏွင့္တူရကား ေသမင္းမည္၏။
Dealing with the impossibility of avoiding death, a moment of the Buddhuppāda (the age in which a Buddha is born) states the law that anyone who has attained humanity must come to his death. In times past before the Religion (sāsanā), there was no other law laid down to be observed but the law of Death.
ဤသုိ႔အလြန္ရနုိင္ခဲေသာ ဗုဒၶဳပၸါဒ န၀မခဏ၌ လူ႔အျဖစ္ကုိရပါေသာ္လည္း ဧကန္ေသရ မည္ျဖစ္၍ တရား၌ တည္ရမည္။ ေသလွ်င္တရားမွတစ္ပါး အျခားကုိးကြယ္ရာမရွိ။
At a time when no organised Religion (sāsanā) existed, there was no one to expound any law with authority, and those who wished to follow the law had to listen and follow what was told them by wise birds and animals. In the Tesakuna Jātaka, in the forty-sixth nipāta, there is a description of hearing and following such an omen and of the benefits won by doing so.
ေရွးသာသနာပအခါ ေကာင္းမြန္စြာတရားေဟာေျပာတတ္သူမရွိ။ တရားကုိက်င့္ေဆာင္ လုိေသာသူတုိ႔သည္ ပညာရွိ ငွက္၊တိရစၧာန္တုိ႔ ေဟာေျပာေသာတရားကုိေသာ္လည္း နာ ခံ၊မွတ္သားက်င့္ေဆာင္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အက်ိဳးမ်ားစြာ ခံစားရဖူး ေလသည္ ဟူ၍ အတိတ္ ကုိေဆာင္ေတာ္မူၿပီးလွ်င္ စတၱာလီသနိပါတ္၊ ေတသကုဏ ဇာတ္ကုိ ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
It is told there how Brahmadatta, King of vāranasī (the future Ānanda, brother to the Lord), asked the Owl Vessantarā (the future Sāriputtā) what a king must do to be a good king, and received the answer:
ထုိေတသကုဏဇာတ္၌ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာအေလာင္း ဗာရာဏသီျပည္ကုိ အစုိးရေသာ ျဗဟၼဒတ္မင္းက၊ အရွင္သာရိပုတၱာ အေလာင္း ေ၀ႆႏၱရာမည္ေသာ ခင္ပုပ္ငွက္ကုိ ျပည့္ရွင္မင္းတုိ႔မည္သည္ မည္သည့္ အမႈကုိျပဳလွ်င္ ျမတ္သနည္းဟူေသာ အေမးကုိ ေျဖလုိ၍
That is to say: One who is called a king, lord of the land, in administering his country must above all restrain himself from false and deceitful speech, from wrath, from neglecting the country's concerns for indulgence in shows and other sensual pleasures. He should govern the land following these three rules. The Lord and other wise men have pronounced these three rules to be those to be followed by kings.
လယ္ေျမတုိ႔အရွင္ျဖစ္ေတာ္မူေသာမင္းႀကီး၊မင္းမည္သည္ကား တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈျပဳရာ လက္မြန္အစ၊ ပဌမက သာလွ်င္ မဟုတ္မမွန္ခၽြတ္ယြင္းေသာစကားကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ အမ်က္ထြက္ျခင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ပဲြလမ္း သဘင္အေပ်ာ္အပါး ကာမဂုဏ္ကုိ ခံစား၍ တုိင္းေရးျပည္မႈကုိ အေလးမျပဳေပါ့ေလ်ာ့ျခင္းကုိလည္းေကာင္း တားျဖစ္ရာ၏။ ထုိသုံးပါး ကုိေစာင့္ထိမ္း ၿပီးေနာက္မွ တိုင္းေရးျပည္မႈတုိ႔ကုိျပဳရာ၏။ ထုိတရားသုံးပါးကုိ မင္းတုိ႔၏ က်င့္၀တ္ဟူ၍ ဘုရားအစရွိေသာ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္ ေဟာကုန္၏။
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ဇာတကအ႒ကထာ-၅၊ ၁၇.စတၱာလီသနိပါတ၊ ၁.ေတသကုဏဇာတ္ ႏွာ-၅. ၁၁၄-၇
