Fear of wrong-doing that relates to others outside of the self is called ottappa.
သူတစ္ပါးဟူေသာ ဗဟိဒၶကုိစြဲ၍ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္မွေၾကာက္ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ`ျဖစ္ေသာ မည္သည္ကား-
One who thinks "In truth, if you do that wrongful thing you will become a reproach in the four quarters of the community” is afraid of something outside of himself and ottappa keeps him from the ill deed. Thus ottappa is something that belongs in the community outside of the self.
သင္သည္အကယ္၍ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္ကုိျပဳလတၱံ႕၊ ပရိတ္သတ္ ေလး ပါးတုိ႔၌ ကဲ့ရဲ႕ အပ္ေသာသူအျဖစ္သုိ႔ ေရာက္လတၱံ႕။ ဤသုိ႔ပရိတ္သတ္တုိ႔ကဲ့ရဲ႕မည္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ ေသာသူသည္ မိမိမွျပင္ပသည္ျဖစ္ေစအပ္ေသာ ထိတ္လန္႔ျခင္း´ဩတၱပၸ´ ျဖင့္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳ။ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔´ဩတၱပၸ´သည္ ဗဟိဒၶျဖစ္ေသာ ပရိတ္သတ္ေလးပါးကုိ စြဲ၍ျဖစ္၏။
To look at it from the other side, this means that those who have no feeling for the community and have no fear of the community's reproaches will not fear to do wrong. They will not shrink from nor fear wrong-doing, but will carry on without thought.
ဤဩတၱပၸျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ ဗ်တိရိက္အားျဖင့္ အျပန္လွန္လွ်င္ ေလာက၌ ပရိတ္သတ္ ေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ မငဲ့၊ပရိတ္သတ္ေလးပါးတုိ႔ ကဲ့ရဲ႕မည္ကုိ မေၾကာက္ေသာသူသည္ အကု သုိလ္ဒုစရိတ္၌ မထိတ္မလန္႔၊ရက္ရက္စက္စက္ မေၾကာက္မရြံ႕ ျပဳလိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
This means that there are in the world some sons and daughters of good family, in full authority, of high prestige and great wealth, who therefore have pride.
They will hold in their hearts the belief, "It is wrong for people like us, who have status, to involve themselves in low and wrong acts like catching fish or killing fowl and the like." This shame, that comes from their own estimation of themselves, is hirī.
ဤေလာက၌ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသားသမီးတုိ႔သည္ အစုိးရျခင္း၊အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ျခင္း၊ ဥစၥာႁကြယ္၀ျခင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံ၍ စိတ္ႀကီးေရာက္ၿပီးလွ်င္ ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔အႀကီးအမႈးျဖစ္ေသာ သူသည္ ဤသုိ႔ေသာေသးသိမ္ယုတ္ညံ့ေသာ ငါးဖမ္းျခင္း၊ ၾကက္ သတ္ျခင္း အစရွိေသာ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳသင့္ဟု ႏွလုံးသြင္းၿပီး မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳျခင္းသည္ မိမိကုိယ္ကုိ အႀကီးအမႈးျပဳ၍ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္၏။
As the converse of the shame that is hirī, people of low class, who have neither status nor wealth, develop no pride and will perform wrong actions without shrinking or thought.
ဤရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ အျပန္ဗ်တိရိက္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္ ေလာက၌ ဣႆရိယ၊ဥစၥာဂုဏ္ႏွစ္ပါးကင္း၍ လူယုတ္လူနုပ္ျဖစ္သသူ၊ လူႀကီးစိတ္မေရာက္သ သူသည္ အကုသိုလ္ျပဳရမည္ကုိ မရြံ႕မရွာ၊မစက္မဆုပ္ ျပဳလိ္မ့္မည္ဟူလုိ။
Even though there are in the world some sons and daughters of good family who do wrong without ordinary people getting to know, there are in this world the eyes of the gods who can know the minds of others, there are monks and Brahmins of great repute, there are the Lords of the Spirit World with their vast glory, sakka, Sahampati, Saninkumāra, and all the spirit princes; these glorious monks, Brahmans and spirit princes will know that such-and-such a son or daughter of good family has done something wrong and unbefitting.
ဤေလာက၌ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသားသမီးတုိ႔သည္ မေကာင္းမႈျပဳသည္ရွိေသာ္ လူသာမန္တုိ႔မသိေသာ္လည္း ဤေလာက၌ဒိဗၺစကၡဳ၊ သူတစ္ပါးစိတ္ကုိသိကုန္ေသာ ပရစိတၱ၀ိဒူၪာဏ္ကုိရကုန္ေသာ တန္ခုိးႀကီးကုန္ေသာ ရဟန္း၊ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔သည္ ရွိကုန္၏။ စာတုမဟာရာဇ္နတ္မင္းႀကီး၊သိၾကား၊သဟမၸတိ၊သနကၤုမာရ အစရွိေသာ နတ္မင္းႀကီး တုိ႔သည္ ရွိကုန္၏။ထုိတန္ခုိးႀကီးပုဂၢဳိလ္တုိ႔သည္ ဤအမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသားသမီးတုိ႔ကား ဤကဲ့သုိ႔မသင့္မေလွ်ာ္ေသာအမႈကုိ ျပဳကုန္၏ဟု သိကုန္ရာ၏။
If he bears this thought in his mind and refrains from his wrong-doing, he will respect the world, and his fear of doing wrong will be what is called ottappa.
ဤသုိ႔ႏွလုံးသြင္းလွ်က္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳျခင္းသည္ ေလာကကုိအႀကီးအမႈးျပဳ၍ မေကာင္းမႈ မွေၾကာက္ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´ ျဖစ္သည္ မည္၏။
To look at it from the other side, this will mean that it is one who has no respect for his house spirit, who knows the minds of others, for the spirit of the palace, for his own guardian spirit, for glorious rishis and arahantas, who will disregard them all and fearlessly and thoughtlessly will plunge into doing wrong.
ဤ´ဩတၱပၸ´ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ ဗ်တိရိက္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္ ေလာက၌ သူတစ္ပါးစိတ္ကုိ သိကုန္ေသာ အိမ္ေစာင့္နတ္၊ နန္းေစာင့္နတ္၊ကုိယ္ေစာင့္နတ္တုိ႔ကုိ လူမမွတ္၊တန္ခုိးႀကီး ကုန္ေသာ ရေသ့၊ရဟန္းတုိကုိ လူမမွတ္၊ မငဲ့မကြက္၊ မေၾကာက္မလန္႔ေသာသူသည္ မေကာင္းမႈျပဳရမည္ကုိ မေၾကာက္မလန္႔၊ရက္ရက္စက္စက္ျပဳလုပ္လိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
As an illustration of the difference between hirī and ottappa, if there were a matter of handling two iron bars, one all besmeared with filth and the other glowing in a blazing flame, by people who were affected by shame and by fear, the bar that was besmeared with filth would inspire revulsion and they would not handle it.
This is like the one who is repelled from doing wrong through shame and this is called hirī.
ဤဟိရီႏွင့္ ဩတၱပၸ ႏွစ္ပါးတုိ႔၌ ဥပမာကား- မစင္လူးေသာသံေတြခဲတစ္ခု၊ အလွ်ံ ေျပာင္ ေျပာင္ေတာက္ေသာ သံေတြခဲတစ္ခု၊ ဤသံေတြခဲႏွစ္ခုတုိ႔ကုိ ရွက္တတ္၊ ေၾကာက္တတ္ ေသာသူတုိ႔အား ေပးကုိင္ခုိင္းလွ်င္ မစင္လူးေသာသံေတြခဲကုိ စက္ဆုပ္ရြံရွာ ေသာ ေၾကာင္ ့မကုိင္သကဲ့သုိ႔၊အကုသိုလ္ကုိ စက္ဆုပ္ရြံရွာ၊ရွက္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မျပဳျခင္းသည္ ´ဟိရီ´မည္၏။
Like one who will not handle the bar for fear of its blaze of heat, the one who fears to do wrong and refrains, is subject to ottappa.
ပူေလာင္မည္ကုိေၾကာက္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မကုိင္၀ံ့သကဲ့သို႔ အကုသုိလ္၏အျပစ္ကုိေၾကာက္ ၍အကုသိုလ္ကုိမျပဳျခင္းသည္ ´ဩတၱပၸ´မည္၏။
To put it otherwise
1. The thought of one's high descent
2. The contemplation of the Lord our Teacher, the Teacher unlike all other peoples' teachers, the truly All-Knowing, the Strong, High and Excellent
3. The thought of our strong and high inheritance of the belief given by out Teacher, which we must hold to
4. The thought of the strong and high quality of our associates. The capacity for feeling shame through holding tightly to these thoughts is hirī and some will be held back from doing wrong by it
တစ္နည္းကား -
၁။ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ျခင္းကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊
၂။ဆရာဘုရား၏အျခားေသာလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားဘုရားႏွင့္မတူ၊သဗၺညဳအစစ္ျဖစ္၍၊ႀကီးမားျမင့္ ျမတ္သည္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊
၃။ ဘုရားအယူ၀ါဒဟူေသာ ယူထုိက္ရထုိက္ေသာ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအေမြကုိ ဆင္ျခင္ေအာက္ေမ့သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊
၄။ အေပါင္းအေဖၚတုိ႔၏ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာဂုဏ္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္ေအာက္ေမ့သျဖင့္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိမ္းဆည္းက်စ္လစ္ျခင္း သေဘာ ရွိေသာ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ကုိျဖစ္ေစ၍ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာသူသည္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳ။
However, it has its reverse side:
1. One of low birth
2. One who has no reverence for the Most Excellent Lord?
3. One who does not accept the Lord's belief?
4. Those that associate themselves with low and worthless company
These will have no revulsion, second thoughts or shame about doing wrong.
ဤရွက္ေၾကာင္းေလးပါးကုိ ဗ်တိရိက္အျပန္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္
၁။ အမ်ိဳးယုတ္ေသာ
၂။ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားကုိ မရုိေသေသာ
၃။ ဘုရားအယူ၀ါဒမွန္း မသိေသာ
၄။ လူယုတ္လူနုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ ေပါင္းေဖာ္တတ္ေသာ သူတုိ႔သည္ အကုသိုလ္ျပဳရမည္ကုိ မစက္မဆုပ္ မရြံမရွာ အရွက္မရွိ ျပဳလိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
သူတစ္ပါးဟူေသာ ဗဟိဒၶကုိစြဲ၍ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္မွေၾကာက္ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ`ျဖစ္ေသာ မည္သည္ကား-
One who thinks "In truth, if you do that wrongful thing you will become a reproach in the four quarters of the community” is afraid of something outside of himself and ottappa keeps him from the ill deed. Thus ottappa is something that belongs in the community outside of the self.
သင္သည္အကယ္၍ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္ကုိျပဳလတၱံ႕၊ ပရိတ္သတ္ ေလး ပါးတုိ႔၌ ကဲ့ရဲ႕ အပ္ေသာသူအျဖစ္သုိ႔ ေရာက္လတၱံ႕။ ဤသုိ႔ပရိတ္သတ္တုိ႔ကဲ့ရဲ႕မည္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ ေသာသူသည္ မိမိမွျပင္ပသည္ျဖစ္ေစအပ္ေသာ ထိတ္လန္႔ျခင္း´ဩတၱပၸ´ ျဖင့္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳ။ ဤကဲ့သုိ႔´ဩတၱပၸ´သည္ ဗဟိဒၶျဖစ္ေသာ ပရိတ္သတ္ေလးပါးကုိ စြဲ၍ျဖစ္၏။
To look at it from the other side, this means that those who have no feeling for the community and have no fear of the community's reproaches will not fear to do wrong. They will not shrink from nor fear wrong-doing, but will carry on without thought.
ဤဩတၱပၸျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ ဗ်တိရိက္အားျဖင့္ အျပန္လွန္လွ်င္ ေလာက၌ ပရိတ္သတ္ ေလးပါးတုိ႔ကုိ မငဲ့၊ပရိတ္သတ္ေလးပါးတုိ႔ ကဲ့ရဲ႕မည္ကုိ မေၾကာက္ေသာသူသည္ အကု သုိလ္ဒုစရိတ္၌ မထိတ္မလန္႔၊ရက္ရက္စက္စက္ မေၾကာက္မရြံ႕ ျပဳလိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
This means that there are in the world some sons and daughters of good family, in full authority, of high prestige and great wealth, who therefore have pride.
They will hold in their hearts the belief, "It is wrong for people like us, who have status, to involve themselves in low and wrong acts like catching fish or killing fowl and the like." This shame, that comes from their own estimation of themselves, is hirī.
ဤေလာက၌ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသားသမီးတုိ႔သည္ အစုိးရျခင္း၊အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ျခင္း၊ ဥစၥာႁကြယ္၀ျခင္းတုိ႔ႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံ၍ စိတ္ႀကီးေရာက္ၿပီးလွ်င္ ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔အႀကီးအမႈးျဖစ္ေသာ သူသည္ ဤသုိ႔ေသာေသးသိမ္ယုတ္ညံ့ေသာ ငါးဖမ္းျခင္း၊ ၾကက္ သတ္ျခင္း အစရွိေသာ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳသင့္ဟု ႏွလုံးသြင္းၿပီး မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳျခင္းသည္ မိမိကုိယ္ကုိ အႀကီးအမႈးျပဳ၍ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္၏။
As the converse of the shame that is hirī, people of low class, who have neither status nor wealth, develop no pride and will perform wrong actions without shrinking or thought.
ဤရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ အျပန္ဗ်တိရိက္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္ ေလာက၌ ဣႆရိယ၊ဥစၥာဂုဏ္ႏွစ္ပါးကင္း၍ လူယုတ္လူနုပ္ျဖစ္သသူ၊ လူႀကီးစိတ္မေရာက္သ သူသည္ အကုသိုလ္ျပဳရမည္ကုိ မရြံ႕မရွာ၊မစက္မဆုပ္ ျပဳလိ္မ့္မည္ဟူလုိ။
Even though there are in the world some sons and daughters of good family who do wrong without ordinary people getting to know, there are in this world the eyes of the gods who can know the minds of others, there are monks and Brahmins of great repute, there are the Lords of the Spirit World with their vast glory, sakka, Sahampati, Saninkumāra, and all the spirit princes; these glorious monks, Brahmans and spirit princes will know that such-and-such a son or daughter of good family has done something wrong and unbefitting.
ဤေလာက၌ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသားသမီးတုိ႔သည္ မေကာင္းမႈျပဳသည္ရွိေသာ္ လူသာမန္တုိ႔မသိေသာ္လည္း ဤေလာက၌ဒိဗၺစကၡဳ၊ သူတစ္ပါးစိတ္ကုိသိကုန္ေသာ ပရစိတၱ၀ိဒူၪာဏ္ကုိရကုန္ေသာ တန္ခုိးႀကီးကုန္ေသာ ရဟန္း၊ ျဗဟၼဏတုိ႔သည္ ရွိကုန္၏။ စာတုမဟာရာဇ္နတ္မင္းႀကီး၊သိၾကား၊သဟမၸတိ၊သနကၤုမာရ အစရွိေသာ နတ္မင္းႀကီး တုိ႔သည္ ရွိကုန္၏။ထုိတန္ခုိးႀကီးပုဂၢဳိလ္တုိ႔သည္ ဤအမ်ိဳးေကာင္းသားသမီးတုိ႔ကား ဤကဲ့သုိ႔မသင့္မေလွ်ာ္ေသာအမႈကုိ ျပဳကုန္၏ဟု သိကုန္ရာ၏။
If he bears this thought in his mind and refrains from his wrong-doing, he will respect the world, and his fear of doing wrong will be what is called ottappa.
ဤသုိ႔ႏွလုံးသြင္းလွ်က္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳျခင္းသည္ ေလာကကုိအႀကီးအမႈးျပဳ၍ မေကာင္းမႈ မွေၾကာက္ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´ ျဖစ္သည္ မည္၏။
To look at it from the other side, this will mean that it is one who has no respect for his house spirit, who knows the minds of others, for the spirit of the palace, for his own guardian spirit, for glorious rishis and arahantas, who will disregard them all and fearlessly and thoughtlessly will plunge into doing wrong.
ဤ´ဩတၱပၸ´ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ ဗ်တိရိက္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္ ေလာက၌ သူတစ္ပါးစိတ္ကုိ သိကုန္ေသာ အိမ္ေစာင့္နတ္၊ နန္းေစာင့္နတ္၊ကုိယ္ေစာင့္နတ္တုိ႔ကုိ လူမမွတ္၊တန္ခုိးႀကီး ကုန္ေသာ ရေသ့၊ရဟန္းတုိကုိ လူမမွတ္၊ မငဲ့မကြက္၊ မေၾကာက္မလန္႔ေသာသူသည္ မေကာင္းမႈျပဳရမည္ကုိ မေၾကာက္မလန္႔၊ရက္ရက္စက္စက္ျပဳလုပ္လိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
As an illustration of the difference between hirī and ottappa, if there were a matter of handling two iron bars, one all besmeared with filth and the other glowing in a blazing flame, by people who were affected by shame and by fear, the bar that was besmeared with filth would inspire revulsion and they would not handle it.
This is like the one who is repelled from doing wrong through shame and this is called hirī.
ဤဟိရီႏွင့္ ဩတၱပၸ ႏွစ္ပါးတုိ႔၌ ဥပမာကား- မစင္လူးေသာသံေတြခဲတစ္ခု၊ အလွ်ံ ေျပာင္ ေျပာင္ေတာက္ေသာ သံေတြခဲတစ္ခု၊ ဤသံေတြခဲႏွစ္ခုတုိ႔ကုိ ရွက္တတ္၊ ေၾကာက္တတ္ ေသာသူတုိ႔အား ေပးကုိင္ခုိင္းလွ်င္ မစင္လူးေသာသံေတြခဲကုိ စက္ဆုပ္ရြံရွာ ေသာ ေၾကာင္ ့မကုိင္သကဲ့သုိ႔၊အကုသိုလ္ကုိ စက္ဆုပ္ရြံရွာ၊ရွက္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မျပဳျခင္းသည္ ´ဟိရီ´မည္၏။
Like one who will not handle the bar for fear of its blaze of heat, the one who fears to do wrong and refrains, is subject to ottappa.
ပူေလာင္မည္ကုိေၾကာက္ေသာေၾကာင့္ မကုိင္၀ံ့သကဲ့သို႔ အကုသုိလ္၏အျပစ္ကုိေၾကာက္ ၍အကုသိုလ္ကုိမျပဳျခင္းသည္ ´ဩတၱပၸ´မည္၏။
To put it otherwise
1. The thought of one's high descent
2. The contemplation of the Lord our Teacher, the Teacher unlike all other peoples' teachers, the truly All-Knowing, the Strong, High and Excellent
3. The thought of our strong and high inheritance of the belief given by out Teacher, which we must hold to
4. The thought of the strong and high quality of our associates. The capacity for feeling shame through holding tightly to these thoughts is hirī and some will be held back from doing wrong by it
တစ္နည္းကား -
၁။ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ျခင္းကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊
၂။ဆရာဘုရား၏အျခားေသာလူမ်ိဳးမ်ားဘုရားႏွင့္မတူ၊သဗၺညဳအစစ္ျဖစ္၍၊ႀကီးမားျမင့္ ျမတ္သည္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊
၃။ ဘုရားအယူ၀ါဒဟူေသာ ယူထုိက္ရထုိက္ေသာ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာအေမြကုိ ဆင္ျခင္ေအာက္ေမ့သျဖင့္လည္းေကာင္း၊
၄။ အေပါင္းအေဖၚတုိ႔၏ ႀကီးမားျမင့္ျမတ္ေသာဂုဏ္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္ေအာက္ေမ့သျဖင့္ လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ သိမ္းဆည္းက်စ္လစ္ျခင္း သေဘာ ရွိေသာ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ကုိျဖစ္ေစ၍ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာသူသည္ မေကာင္းမႈကုိမျပဳ။
However, it has its reverse side:
1. One of low birth
2. One who has no reverence for the Most Excellent Lord?
3. One who does not accept the Lord's belief?
4. Those that associate themselves with low and worthless company
These will have no revulsion, second thoughts or shame about doing wrong.
ဤရွက္ေၾကာင္းေလးပါးကုိ ဗ်တိရိက္အျပန္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္
၁။ အမ်ိဳးယုတ္ေသာ
၂။ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားကုိ မရုိေသေသာ
၃။ ဘုရားအယူ၀ါဒမွန္း မသိေသာ
၄။ လူယုတ္လူနုပ္တုိ႔ကုိ ေပါင္းေဖာ္တတ္ေသာ သူတုိ႔သည္ အကုသိုလ္ျပဳရမည္ကုိ မစက္မဆုပ္ မရြံမရွာ အရွက္မရွိ ျပဳလိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
