16. The conception (paññatti) and reality (paramattha) of hirī and ottappa
Hiri and ottappa appear in two separate modes; the one is paññatti and the other is paramattha (the highest ideal; truth in the ultimate sense.).
There is the kind of shame which might be felt if you feel your waist-cloth coming loose and liable to fall off - without actually dancing, you feel abashed at the idea of dancing. To start from this point, the shame that you would feel at the idea of doing in the world something that is not right for yourself is what gives hirī its name (paññatti).
ဤဟိရီ ဩတၱပၸတရားသည္ ပညတ္ပရမတ္ဟူ၍ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိသည္။ ထုိႏွစ္မ်ိဳးတြင္ပုဆုိးအ၀တ္ကၽြတ္မည္၊ လစ္လပ္မည္ ကုိရွက္ျခင္း၊ကေခ်သည္မဟုတ္ဘဲ ကခုန္ရမည္မ်ားကုိရွက္ျခင္း၊ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသည္ျဖင့္ ေလာက၌ကုိယ္ႏွင့္မသင့္မေလ်ာ္ မလုပ္ေဆာင္ဖူးသည္ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ရမည္ကုိရွက္ျခင္း သည္ ပညတ္ ´ဟိရီ´မည္၏။
While the shame that you would feel at being reproached by someone you respect, for the ill deed that you have done is the paramattha mode of hirī.
အကုသုိလ္ဒုစရိတ္တုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳက်င့္လွ်င္ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔ ကဲ့ရဲ႕မည္ကုိရွက္ျခင္းသည္ ပရမတ္ ´ဟိရီ´မည္၏။
On the other hand, the fear that you feel at the possibility of being punished by the authorities for something that you have done that violates the laws that have been set, and so on, constitutes the paññatti mode of ottappa.
ေလာက၌ပညတ္ထားေသာ စည္းကမ္းဥပေဒကုိ လြန္က်ဳးျပဳက်င့္လွ်င္ မင္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ စီရင္မည့္ဒဏ္ကုိ ေၾကာက္ျခင္း အစရွိသည္တုိ႔သည္ ပညတ္´ဩတၱပၸ´မည္၏။
There is also the fear that you might feel that the ill deed that you might do would bring you into the domain of the Four Hells; this is the paramattha kind of ottappa.
အကုသိုလ္ဒုစရိတ္ျပဳက်င့္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အပါယ္ေလးပါးသုိ႔ က်ေရာက္မည္ကုိ ေၾကာက္ ျခင္းသည္ ပရမတ္´ဩတၱပၸ´ မည္၏။
In both its versions hirī means the shame that attaches itself to yourself. The fear that is ottappa comes from outside.
ထုိႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလုံးေသာ ´ဟိရီ´ဟူေသာရွက္ျခင္းသည္ မိမိကုိယ္ကုိစြဲ၍ျဖစ္၏။ ေၾကာက္ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´သည္ သူတစ္ပါးကုိစဲြ၍ ျဖစ္၏။
The shame that is hirī looks at oneself and gives the self a high importance. The fear that is ottappa regards the outer world and gives the importance to that.
မိမိကုိယ္ကုိ ငဲ့ကာ အႀကီးအမွဴးျပဳ၍ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´သည္ျဖစ္၏။ေလာကကုိငဲ့လွ်က္ ေလာကကုိ အႀကီးအမွဴးျပဳ၍ေၾကာက္ ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´သည္ျဖစ္၏။
We have to remember that any question of samvega (remorse) belongs in ottappa.
သံေ၀ဂျဖစ္၏ဟု ဆုိသည္လည္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´ျဖစ္သည္ကုိပင္ ဆုိသည္ မွတ္ရမည္။
The disposition to look at the matter as exclusively affecting oneself arouses the shame that is hirī; the fear of doing wrong and foreseeing the danger that results is the caution that is ottappa.
က်စ္က်စ္လစ္လစ္ သိမ္းပုိက္ျခင္းသေဘာ၊ရုိေသျခင္း ရွက္ျခင္းသေဘာသည္ ´ဟိရီ´ မည္၏။ အျပစ္ကုိေၾကာက္ျခင္း ေဘးကုိ ျမင္ျခင္း ေၾကာက္လန္႔ျခင္းသေဘာသည္ ´ဩတၱပၸ´မည္၏။
The four considerations that attach hirī to the self are these:
မိမိကုိစြဲ၍ ´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္ရာ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ မိမိကုိယ္ကုိစြဲ၍ ျဖစ္၏။ ေလးပါးဟူေသာ္ကား -
1. Thoughts of your high family honour
2. The thought that you are of full age
3. The thought that you represent famous and valiant ancestors
4. The thought of your own high education and accomplishments. These four considerations can arouse the sense of shame that is hirī.
၁။ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္သည္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍လည္းေကာင္း
၂။ အရြယ္ႀကီးသည္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍လည္းေကာင္း
၃။ ေက်ာ္ေစာထင္ရွားေသာ သူရဲေကာင္းအျဖစ္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍လည္းေကာင္း
၄။ မိမိ၌ရွိေသာ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္အတတ္ ဗဟုသုတပညာကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍ လည္းေကာင္း- ဤေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္၏။
Among these four, the man of good family will think, "People like me, men of a race that has produced princes, ministers, distinguished men of wealth, monks and Brahmans, do not, like fishers, hunters and outlaws, commit murder, robberies and such crimes.
ထုိေလးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ေသာသူသည္ ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ မင္း မွဴးမတ္၊သူေဌး သူ ႁကြယ္၊ရဟန္း၊ျဗဟၼဏျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာ သူတုိ႔သည္ တံငါ၊မုဆုိး၊သူေတာင္းစားတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ သူ၏အသက္ကုိသတ္ျခင္း၊သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိခုိးျခင္း အစရွိေသာ အကုသုိလ္ဒုစရိတ္ကုိ မျပဳ သင့္ေပ။
Such low deeds are for such low people." The shame that is hirī will keep him from such things.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ ယုတ္မာေသာအမႈသည္ ယုတ္မာေသာအမိ်ဳးတုိ႔သာ ျပဳတတ္သည္ဟု အမ်ိဳးျမတ္သည္ကုိေအာက္ေမ့၍ အကုသုိလ္ ကုိ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´သည္ျဖစ္၏။
The man of full age will think, “Revelry, drinking, deceiving his own daughters and sons - these vices are only for the immature.
ေပ်ာ္ပါးျမဴးထူးျခင္း၊ေသရည္အရက္ကုိေသာက္ျခင္း၊သူ႔သမီးပ်ိဳ သားပ်ိဳကုိလွည့္ပတ္ျခင္း အစရွိေသာ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္ကုိ အသက္အရြယ္ငယ္ေသာသူတုိ႔သာ ျပဳသင့္ေပသည္။
People like us, with gray heads and broken teeth, do not behave like that!" The old who refrain from an ill deed from such considerations are held back by hirī.
ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ ေခါင္းျဖဴစြယ္က်ိဳးျဖစ္ေသာ အသက္ႀကီးေသာလူအုိတုိ႔သည္ မျပဳသင့္ေပဟု အရြယ္ႀကီးသည္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္ ေအာက္ ေမ့၍ အကုသိုလ္ကုိမျပဳေသာ အရြယ္ႀကီးေသာ သူ သည္ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ကုိျဖစ္ေစ၏။
"Killing animals, that ought not to be killed, for food, small-time theft of petty goods and such ill deeds are for low people who have no power or strength.
ခြန္အားဗလမရွိေသာ လူယုတ္လူနုပ္တုိ႔သာ မျဖစ္ေလာက္သည့္တိရစၧာန္တုိ႔ကုိ သတ္ စားျခင္း၊အနည္းငယ္မွ်ေသာ ဥစၥာ ပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိ ခုိးယူျခင္း စေသာမေကာင္းမႈကုိ ျပဳ သင့္သည္။
Those like us, who have great power and strength, good soldiers, concern themselves with public affairs, celebrations and deeds of daring"- those who cherish a disposition towards valiance in their hearts will refrain from ill deeds and it is the shame that is hirī that holds them back
ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ ခြန္အားဗလႀကီးမားေသာ သူရဲေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္မူကား တုိင္းေရး၊ျပည္မႈ၊ ပြဲ လမ္းႀကီးမ်ားမွာသာ စြန္႔စား တုိက္ခုိက္သင့္သည္ဟု ရဲရင့္ျခင္းသေဘာကုိ ႏွလုံးသြင္း၍ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္ကုိ မျပဳေသာသူသည္ရွက္ျခင္း ´ဟိရီ´ ကုိျဖစ္ေစ၏။
The thought of the wise books that teach that it is only the stupid and uneducated who cannot tell the difference between right and wrong, that will do wrong and that "people like us, the educated, well versed in the scriptures, should not commit crimes." gives rise to the hirī that holds such people back.
လူမုိက္လူယုတ္တုိ႔သာ ကုသုိလ္၊အကုသိုလ္မွန္းမသိ၍ အကုသုိလ္ကုိျပဳရာသည္။ ငါတို႔ ကဲ့သုိ႔ပညာရွိေသာ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္ ဗဟုသုတ အတတ္ပညာႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာသူသည္ မေကာင္းမႈအကုသိုလ္ကုိမျပဳသင့္ဟု စာေပက်မ္းဂန္ ဗဟုသုတ ပညာ တတ္ျခင္းကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့၍ မေကာင္းမႈမျပဳေသာသူသည္ ´ဟိရီ´ကုိ ျဖစ္ေစ၏။
Thus the feeling of shame for their own inner self may take four forms of hirī.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ မိမိကုိယ္တြင္း၌ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´သည္ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ ၏။
Looking at the other side of these four forms of hirī, we must say that it is those of low family, the immature, the impotent and weak, those without education in books and the scriptures, all these feel no shame in wrong-doing, no shrinking from evil, but dive directly into it.
ဤ´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းေလးပါးကုိ အျပန္ဗ်တိရိတ္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္ အမ်ိဳးယုတ္ေသာ၊ အသက္အရြယ္ငယ္ေသာ၊ ခြန္အားဗလအစြမ္းသတၱိမရွိေသာ၊စာေပက်မ္းဂန္ ဗဟုသုတ မတတ္ေသာသူတို႔သည္သာ အကုသုိလ္ျပဳရမည္ကုိ မရွက္၊အရြံမရွာ၊ မစက္မဆုပ္၊ ရက္ ရက္စက္စက္ျပဳလိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
ဓမၼသဂၤဏီအ႒ကထာ၊ကာမကုသလပဒ၊ဗလရာသိအဖြင့္ ႏွာ-၁၆၈.၉.၁၇၀
Hiri and ottappa appear in two separate modes; the one is paññatti and the other is paramattha (the highest ideal; truth in the ultimate sense.).
There is the kind of shame which might be felt if you feel your waist-cloth coming loose and liable to fall off - without actually dancing, you feel abashed at the idea of dancing. To start from this point, the shame that you would feel at the idea of doing in the world something that is not right for yourself is what gives hirī its name (paññatti).
ဤဟိရီ ဩတၱပၸတရားသည္ ပညတ္ပရမတ္ဟူ၍ ႏွစ္မ်ိဳးရွိသည္။ ထုိႏွစ္မ်ိဳးတြင္ပုဆုိးအ၀တ္ကၽြတ္မည္၊ လစ္လပ္မည္ ကုိရွက္ျခင္း၊ကေခ်သည္မဟုတ္ဘဲ ကခုန္ရမည္မ်ားကုိရွက္ျခင္း၊ဤသုိ႔အစရွိသည္ျဖင့္ ေလာက၌ကုိယ္ႏွင့္မသင့္မေလ်ာ္ မလုပ္ေဆာင္ဖူးသည္ကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ရမည္ကုိရွက္ျခင္း သည္ ပညတ္ ´ဟိရီ´မည္၏။
While the shame that you would feel at being reproached by someone you respect, for the ill deed that you have done is the paramattha mode of hirī.
အကုသုိလ္ဒုစရိတ္တုိ႔ကုိ ျပဳက်င့္လွ်င္ သူေတာ္ေကာင္းတုိ႔ ကဲ့ရဲ႕မည္ကုိရွက္ျခင္းသည္ ပရမတ္ ´ဟိရီ´မည္၏။
On the other hand, the fear that you feel at the possibility of being punished by the authorities for something that you have done that violates the laws that have been set, and so on, constitutes the paññatti mode of ottappa.
ေလာက၌ပညတ္ထားေသာ စည္းကမ္းဥပေဒကုိ လြန္က်ဳးျပဳက်င့္လွ်င္ မင္း မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ စီရင္မည့္ဒဏ္ကုိ ေၾကာက္ျခင္း အစရွိသည္တုိ႔သည္ ပညတ္´ဩတၱပၸ´မည္၏။
There is also the fear that you might feel that the ill deed that you might do would bring you into the domain of the Four Hells; this is the paramattha kind of ottappa.
အကုသိုလ္ဒုစရိတ္ျပဳက်င့္ေသာေၾကာင့္ အပါယ္ေလးပါးသုိ႔ က်ေရာက္မည္ကုိ ေၾကာက္ ျခင္းသည္ ပရမတ္´ဩတၱပၸ´ မည္၏။
In both its versions hirī means the shame that attaches itself to yourself. The fear that is ottappa comes from outside.
ထုိႏွစ္မ်ိဳးလုံးေသာ ´ဟိရီ´ဟူေသာရွက္ျခင္းသည္ မိမိကုိယ္ကုိစြဲ၍ျဖစ္၏။ ေၾကာက္ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´သည္ သူတစ္ပါးကုိစဲြ၍ ျဖစ္၏။
The shame that is hirī looks at oneself and gives the self a high importance. The fear that is ottappa regards the outer world and gives the importance to that.
မိမိကုိယ္ကုိ ငဲ့ကာ အႀကီးအမွဴးျပဳ၍ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´သည္ျဖစ္၏။ေလာကကုိငဲ့လွ်က္ ေလာကကုိ အႀကီးအမွဴးျပဳ၍ေၾကာက္ ျခင္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´သည္ျဖစ္၏။
We have to remember that any question of samvega (remorse) belongs in ottappa.
သံေ၀ဂျဖစ္၏ဟု ဆုိသည္လည္း ´ဩတၱပၸ´ျဖစ္သည္ကုိပင္ ဆုိသည္ မွတ္ရမည္။
The disposition to look at the matter as exclusively affecting oneself arouses the shame that is hirī; the fear of doing wrong and foreseeing the danger that results is the caution that is ottappa.
က်စ္က်စ္လစ္လစ္ သိမ္းပုိက္ျခင္းသေဘာ၊ရုိေသျခင္း ရွက္ျခင္းသေဘာသည္ ´ဟိရီ´ မည္၏။ အျပစ္ကုိေၾကာက္ျခင္း ေဘးကုိ ျမင္ျခင္း ေၾကာက္လန္႔ျခင္းသေဘာသည္ ´ဩတၱပၸ´မည္၏။
The four considerations that attach hirī to the self are these:
မိမိကုိစြဲ၍ ´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္ရာ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ျဖင့္ မိမိကုိယ္ကုိစြဲ၍ ျဖစ္၏။ ေလးပါးဟူေသာ္ကား -
1. Thoughts of your high family honour
2. The thought that you are of full age
3. The thought that you represent famous and valiant ancestors
4. The thought of your own high education and accomplishments. These four considerations can arouse the sense of shame that is hirī.
၁။ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္သည္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍လည္းေကာင္း
၂။ အရြယ္ႀကီးသည္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍လည္းေကာင္း
၃။ ေက်ာ္ေစာထင္ရွားေသာ သူရဲေကာင္းအျဖစ္ကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍လည္းေကာင္း
၄။ မိမိ၌ရွိေသာ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္အတတ္ ဗဟုသုတပညာကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့ဆင္ျခင္၍ လည္းေကာင္း- ဤေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္၏။
Among these four, the man of good family will think, "People like me, men of a race that has produced princes, ministers, distinguished men of wealth, monks and Brahmans, do not, like fishers, hunters and outlaws, commit murder, robberies and such crimes.
ထုိေလးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ အမ်ိဳးျမတ္ေသာသူသည္ ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာ မင္း မွဴးမတ္၊သူေဌး သူ ႁကြယ္၊ရဟန္း၊ျဗဟၼဏျဖစ္ကုန္ေသာ သူတုိ႔သည္ တံငါ၊မုဆုိး၊သူေတာင္းစားတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ သူ၏အသက္ကုိသတ္ျခင္း၊သူ႔ဥစၥာကုိခုိးျခင္း အစရွိေသာ အကုသုိလ္ဒုစရိတ္ကုိ မျပဳ သင့္ေပ။
Such low deeds are for such low people." The shame that is hirī will keep him from such things.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ ယုတ္မာေသာအမႈသည္ ယုတ္မာေသာအမိ်ဳးတုိ႔သာ ျပဳတတ္သည္ဟု အမ်ိဳးျမတ္သည္ကုိေအာက္ေမ့၍ အကုသုိလ္ ကုိ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´သည္ျဖစ္၏။
The man of full age will think, “Revelry, drinking, deceiving his own daughters and sons - these vices are only for the immature.
ေပ်ာ္ပါးျမဴးထူးျခင္း၊ေသရည္အရက္ကုိေသာက္ျခင္း၊သူ႔သမီးပ်ိဳ သားပ်ိဳကုိလွည့္ပတ္ျခင္း အစရွိေသာ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္ကုိ အသက္အရြယ္ငယ္ေသာသူတုိ႔သာ ျပဳသင့္ေပသည္။
People like us, with gray heads and broken teeth, do not behave like that!" The old who refrain from an ill deed from such considerations are held back by hirī.
ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ ေခါင္းျဖဴစြယ္က်ိဳးျဖစ္ေသာ အသက္ႀကီးေသာလူအုိတုိ႔သည္ မျပဳသင့္ေပဟု အရြယ္ႀကီးသည္ကုိ ဆင္ျခင္ ေအာက္ ေမ့၍ အကုသိုလ္ကုိမျပဳေသာ အရြယ္ႀကီးေသာ သူ သည္ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´ကုိျဖစ္ေစ၏။
"Killing animals, that ought not to be killed, for food, small-time theft of petty goods and such ill deeds are for low people who have no power or strength.
ခြန္အားဗလမရွိေသာ လူယုတ္လူနုပ္တုိ႔သာ မျဖစ္ေလာက္သည့္တိရစၧာန္တုိ႔ကုိ သတ္ စားျခင္း၊အနည္းငယ္မွ်ေသာ ဥစၥာ ပစၥည္းတုိ႔ကုိ ခုိးယူျခင္း စေသာမေကာင္းမႈကုိ ျပဳ သင့္သည္။
Those like us, who have great power and strength, good soldiers, concern themselves with public affairs, celebrations and deeds of daring"- those who cherish a disposition towards valiance in their hearts will refrain from ill deeds and it is the shame that is hirī that holds them back
ငါတုိ႔ကဲ့သုိ႔ ခြန္အားဗလႀကီးမားေသာ သူရဲေကာင္းတုိ႔သည္မူကား တုိင္းေရး၊ျပည္မႈ၊ ပြဲ လမ္းႀကီးမ်ားမွာသာ စြန္႔စား တုိက္ခုိက္သင့္သည္ဟု ရဲရင့္ျခင္းသေဘာကုိ ႏွလုံးသြင္း၍ မေကာင္းမႈဒုစရိတ္ကုိ မျပဳေသာသူသည္ရွက္ျခင္း ´ဟိရီ´ ကုိျဖစ္ေစ၏။
The thought of the wise books that teach that it is only the stupid and uneducated who cannot tell the difference between right and wrong, that will do wrong and that "people like us, the educated, well versed in the scriptures, should not commit crimes." gives rise to the hirī that holds such people back.
လူမုိက္လူယုတ္တုိ႔သာ ကုသုိလ္၊အကုသိုလ္မွန္းမသိ၍ အကုသုိလ္ကုိျပဳရာသည္။ ငါတို႔ ကဲ့သုိ႔ပညာရွိေသာ စာေပက်မ္းဂန္ ဗဟုသုတ အတတ္ပညာႏွင့္ျပည့္စုံေသာသူသည္ မေကာင္းမႈအကုသိုလ္ကုိမျပဳသင့္ဟု စာေပက်မ္းဂန္ ဗဟုသုတ ပညာ တတ္ျခင္းကုိ ေအာက္ေမ့၍ မေကာင္းမႈမျပဳေသာသူသည္ ´ဟိရီ´ကုိ ျဖစ္ေစ၏။
Thus the feeling of shame for their own inner self may take four forms of hirī.
ဤကဲ့သုိ႔ မိမိကုိယ္တြင္း၌ ရွက္ျခင္း´ဟိရီ´သည္ ေလးပါးေသာအေၾကာင္းတုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ျဖစ္ ၏။
Looking at the other side of these four forms of hirī, we must say that it is those of low family, the immature, the impotent and weak, those without education in books and the scriptures, all these feel no shame in wrong-doing, no shrinking from evil, but dive directly into it.
ဤ´ဟိရီ´ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းေလးပါးကုိ အျပန္ဗ်တိရိတ္အားျဖင့္လွန္လွ်င္ အမ်ိဳးယုတ္ေသာ၊ အသက္အရြယ္ငယ္ေသာ၊ ခြန္အားဗလအစြမ္းသတၱိမရွိေသာ၊စာေပက်မ္းဂန္ ဗဟုသုတ မတတ္ေသာသူတို႔သည္သာ အကုသုိလ္ျပဳရမည္ကုိ မရွက္၊အရြံမရွာ၊ မစက္မဆုပ္၊ ရက္ ရက္စက္စက္ျပဳလိမ့္မည္ ဟူလုိ။
က်မ္းကုိး ---
ဓမၼသဂၤဏီအ႒ကထာ၊ကာမကုသလပဒ၊ဗလရာသိအဖြင့္ ႏွာ-၁၆၈.၉.၁၇၀
