(1).The virtue of Sandhi-- Skill in reconciliation
Among these six gunas the sandhi guna comes into play when one king of great power is about to be defeated and crushed or where he has been extremely discomforted in a great war.
ဤဂုဏ္ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ အေစ့အစပ္ျပဳျခင္းသႏၶိဂုဏ္ကုိ အင္အားႀကီး ေသာမင္းႏွင့္ အေၾကာင္းအညီၫြတ္၍ အင္အားႀကီးေသာမင္းက ဖိစီးႏွိပ္စက္မည္ ရွိရာ၌လည္းေကာင္း၊ စစ္တုိက္ၾကရာ အလြန္ရႈံးနိမ့္နာၾကည္းရာ၌ လည္းေကာင္း ျပဳအပ္ေသာဂုဏ္တည္း။
In the Kamantaki Nīti and the Hitopadesa texts these merits are described as sixteen, thus:
ဤဂုဏ္သည္လည္း ဆယ့္ေျခာက္မ်ိဳးရွိေၾကာင္းကုိ ကာမႏၵကီနီတိက်မ္း, ဟိေတာပေဒသက်မ္းတုိ႔၌ ဆုိ၏။
That is to say: There is the sandhi guna called kapāla, generally concerned with agreements and alliances, described as part of the sāma upāya.
သာမဥပါယ္တြင္ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း အညီအၫြတ္မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ကပါလမည္ေသာသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္း ေကာင္း။
There is too the sandhi guna called upakāra, concerned with parting with gifts for making friendships, part of the dāna upāya.
ဒါနဥပါယ္တြင္ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းေပးကမ္း၍ ေစ့စပ္ေသာ ဥပကာရသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္း ေကာင္း။
The sandhi guna called santāno, concerned with giving away one's daughters, sisters and so on in marriage for friendship's sake.
သမီး, ႏွမစသည္ကုိေပး၍ မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ေစ့စပ္ေသာ သႏၱာနသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္းေကာင္း။
There is also as a manifestation of the sandhi guna the acceptance of an agreement of friendship, unbreakable through a whole life time, whether in riches or in poverty, and this is called sangata.
အသက္ထက္္ဆုံးမပ်က္မဆီး ဆင္းရဲအတူ ခ်မ္းသာအမွ်ျဖစ္ပါမည္ဟု ၀န္ခံစာခ်ဳပ္ထား၍ မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေစ့စပ္ ေသာ သဂၤတသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Digression :- (this form of the sandhi guna, which accepts the responsibility of undertaking a companionship for better or worse, with no change of mind, that is not to be cast off for a whole lifetime, is for the purpose of making a friendship as solid as the centre of a bar of purest gold, never to be cut in two. Since friendship is like gold, it is known as kañcana sandhi guna (golden)".)
စကားခ်ပ္။ ။ ဤသဂၤတသႏၶိဂုဏ္သည္ ကုိယ္စိတ္မျခား အသက္ထက္ဆုံး မပ်က္မစီး ခံ၀န္စာခ်ဳပ္ထား၍ ေကာင္းတူဆုိးဘက္ျပဳလွ်က္ ခုိင္ခံ့ေအာင္ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဇမၺဴရဇ္ေရႊတုံးတစ္ခုကို အလယ္၌ျဖစ္ေသာ တုံးႏွစ္ခုသည္ အရည္ အဆင္း မကြျပားသကဲ့သုိ႔ ေရႊတုံးႏွင့္တူေသာမိတ္ေဆြျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ကဉၥနသႏၶိဂုဏ္ ဟူ၍လည္း ေခၚၾကသည္။
If a friendship is made for a particular purpose, with each openly declaring the benefits to be derived, this is known as the upaññāsa (studied) type of the sandhi guna.
အေစ့စပ္မိတ္ျဖစ္ခဲ့လွ်င္ ထုိက္ေလွ်ာ္ေသာအက်ိဳးတစ္စုံတစ္ခု ဧကန္ၿပီးေစ မည္ကုိ ၫႊန္ျပကာ မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ အေစ့စပ္ျပဳျခင္းဟူေသာ ဥပညာသသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္းေကာင္း။
If a friendship is made on the basis of declared benefits - that "I shall bring you such-and-such new means and I shall rely on your bringing me comparable benefits" then this is the pa¥ikāra (reciprocal) form of the sandhi guna.
ကၽြႏု္ပ္ကသင့္အား မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာအက်ိဳးစီးပြါးကုိ ရြက္ေဆာင္ဖူးပါသည္၊ ကၽြႏု္ပ္ေက်းဇူးျပဳခဲ့ဖူးသည္ကုိ ေထာက္၍ ကၽြႏု္ပ္အားလည္း သင္က ေက်းဇူးျပဳေစ ခ်င္ပါသည္ ေျပာဆုိကာ အေစ့အစပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေသာ ပဋိကာရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္း ေကာင္း။
Making an alliance on the basis of associating with a certain king and stating the particular benefits that will arise from it and of taking steps to complete it is known as the samyoga (bond on even terms?) version of the sandhi guna.
မည္သည့္မင္းထံ၌ ေပါင္းဆုံေစ့စပ္ရလွ်င္ မည္သည့္အက်ိဳးကုိ ရလိမ့္မည္ ဟု ေျပာဆုိ၍တစ္စုံတစ္ခုေသာ အက်ိဳးကိစၥကုိ ေကာင္းစြာျပဳၿပီးလွ်င္ တစ္ေနရာ၌ သြားကာ ေစ့စပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္းဟူေသာ သံေယာဂသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္းေကာင္း။
When two army generals make an alliance in writing, each setting out his desires, this is known as the pūrisantara (between men) type of the sandhi guna.
စစ္သူႀကီးနွစ္ေယာက္ အလုိရွိရာေျပာဆုိစာခ်ဳပ္၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ပုရိသ ႏၱရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
And "It is called aditthanara (the blind man's) guna when agreement is reached on such terms as 'you may go ahead and do whatever our enemy's leader requires and enter into a treaty with him on his terms, but our friendship still holds'".
သင္ရန္သူမင္း အလုိရွိရာကုိ ျပဳသမွ်လုိက္နာပါမည္၊ အလုိရွိသည္ကုိသာ စာခ်ဳပ္ေရးသား ခ်ဳပ္ဆုိပါေတာ့၊ သေဘာတူပါမည္ ဆုိ၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း အဒိ႒ နရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making an agreement by transferring by treaty a quarter of the country is the adittha form of the sandhi guna.
နုိင္ငံတစ္စိတ္တစ္ေဒသကုိ စာခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေပး၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း အဒိ႒သႏၶိ ဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Handing over one's whole army to the enemy and so making an alliance is called the attamisa (mingled selves?) version of the sandhi guna.
မိမိစစ္သည္အားလုံးကုိ ရန္သူသုိ႔အပ္ႏွင္း၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း အတၱမိသသ ႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making an agreement to hand over one's entire wealth to be dealt with at will, only one's life to be spared, is known as the upeggāha (?) type of the sandhi guna.
အသက္ကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ျခင္းငွာ အသက္ကုိသာခ်မ္းသာေပးပါ၊ အလုိရွိ သမွ်ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိယူပါဟု ပစၥည္းဥစၥာ အားလုံးကုိေပး၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ဥေပဂၢါ ဟသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Handing over a quarter, a half or even the whole of the wealth that is in your granaries and your stores and so coming to agreement is called the parikkhāra (equipment) type of the sandhi guna.
က်ီ၊ၾက၊တုိက္ေတာ္တု႔ိ၌ရွိေသာဥစၥာပစၥည္းအစိပ္အ၀က္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ အလုံး စုံကုိလည္းေကာင္းေပး၍ ေစ့စပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း ပရိကၡာရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making the agreement by giving away the taxes and profits arising from the richest lands is called the ucchinna (break-up) form of the sandhi guna.
နုိင္ငံ၌အခြန္အဆီထြက္ေသာ ေကာင္းရာအရပ္ကုိေပး၍ ေစ့စပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း ဥစၧိႏၷ သႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Besides this, there is the giving away the whole tax revenue of the country to reach agreement, which is the paribhūsana (use and enjoyment?) form of the sandhi guna.
ထုိမွတစ္ပါး၊ နုိင္ငံကထြက္သမွ်အခြန္ကုိ ေပး၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ပရိဘူသနသႏၶိ ဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making an agreement to serve and oversee the separate movement of tax collections in each year is the khandhāpanaya (mass leading forward?) form of the sandhi guna.
တစ္ႏွစ္လွ်င္မည္၍မည္မွ်ေပးပါမည္ ပုိင္းျခား၍၊ ပုိင္းျခားရအခြန္ကုိ ထမ္းေဆာင္ ၾကပ္မတ္ေပးသြင္းရေသာ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ခႏၶာပနယ သႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Thus the sandhi guna has sixteen separate forms, so it is said, and thus scholars call it sixteen-fold.
ဤသုိ႔ သႏၶိဂုဏ္ကုိ ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ပါးျပား၏ဟု သႏၶိကုိသိကုန္ေသာ ပညာရွိတုိ႔ သည္ ဆုိကုန္၏။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
ရာဇဓမၼသဂၤဟ ႏွာ-၂၄၁-၂-၃-၄
ျမန္မာမင္းအုပ္ခ်ဳပ္ပုံစာတမ္း ႏွာ ၁၆၁
Among these six gunas the sandhi guna comes into play when one king of great power is about to be defeated and crushed or where he has been extremely discomforted in a great war.
ဤဂုဏ္ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ အေစ့အစပ္ျပဳျခင္းသႏၶိဂုဏ္ကုိ အင္အားႀကီး ေသာမင္းႏွင့္ အေၾကာင္းအညီၫြတ္၍ အင္အားႀကီးေသာမင္းက ဖိစီးႏွိပ္စက္မည္ ရွိရာ၌လည္းေကာင္း၊ စစ္တုိက္ၾကရာ အလြန္ရႈံးနိမ့္နာၾကည္းရာ၌ လည္းေကာင္း ျပဳအပ္ေသာဂုဏ္တည္း။
In the Kamantaki Nīti and the Hitopadesa texts these merits are described as sixteen, thus:
ဤဂုဏ္သည္လည္း ဆယ့္ေျခာက္မ်ိဳးရွိေၾကာင္းကုိ ကာမႏၵကီနီတိက်မ္း, ဟိေတာပေဒသက်မ္းတုိ႔၌ ဆုိ၏။
That is to say: There is the sandhi guna called kapāla, generally concerned with agreements and alliances, described as part of the sāma upāya.
သာမဥပါယ္တြင္ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း အညီအၫြတ္မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ကပါလမည္ေသာသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္း ေကာင္း။
There is too the sandhi guna called upakāra, concerned with parting with gifts for making friendships, part of the dāna upāya.
ဒါနဥပါယ္တြင္ဆုိသည့္အတုိင္း မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းေပးကမ္း၍ ေစ့စပ္ေသာ ဥပကာရသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္း ေကာင္း။
The sandhi guna called santāno, concerned with giving away one's daughters, sisters and so on in marriage for friendship's sake.
သမီး, ႏွမစသည္ကုိေပး၍ မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ေစ့စပ္ေသာ သႏၱာနသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္းေကာင္း။
There is also as a manifestation of the sandhi guna the acceptance of an agreement of friendship, unbreakable through a whole life time, whether in riches or in poverty, and this is called sangata.
အသက္ထက္္ဆုံးမပ်က္မဆီး ဆင္းရဲအတူ ခ်မ္းသာအမွ်ျဖစ္ပါမည္ဟု ၀န္ခံစာခ်ဳပ္ထား၍ မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ ေစ့စပ္ ေသာ သဂၤတသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Digression :- (this form of the sandhi guna, which accepts the responsibility of undertaking a companionship for better or worse, with no change of mind, that is not to be cast off for a whole lifetime, is for the purpose of making a friendship as solid as the centre of a bar of purest gold, never to be cut in two. Since friendship is like gold, it is known as kañcana sandhi guna (golden)".)
စကားခ်ပ္။ ။ ဤသဂၤတသႏၶိဂုဏ္သည္ ကုိယ္စိတ္မျခား အသက္ထက္ဆုံး မပ်က္မစီး ခံ၀န္စာခ်ဳပ္ထား၍ ေကာင္းတူဆုိးဘက္ျပဳလွ်က္ ခုိင္ခံ့ေအာင္ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ ေသာေၾကာင့္ ဇမၺဴရဇ္ေရႊတုံးတစ္ခုကို အလယ္၌ျဖစ္ေသာ တုံးႏွစ္ခုသည္ အရည္ အဆင္း မကြျပားသကဲ့သုိ႔ ေရႊတုံးႏွင့္တူေသာမိတ္ေဆြျဖစ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ကဉၥနသႏၶိဂုဏ္ ဟူ၍လည္း ေခၚၾကသည္။
If a friendship is made for a particular purpose, with each openly declaring the benefits to be derived, this is known as the upaññāsa (studied) type of the sandhi guna.
အေစ့စပ္မိတ္ျဖစ္ခဲ့လွ်င္ ထုိက္ေလွ်ာ္ေသာအက်ိဳးတစ္စုံတစ္ခု ဧကန္ၿပီးေစ မည္ကုိ ၫႊန္ျပကာ မိတ္ျဖစ္ေအာင္ အေစ့စပ္ျပဳျခင္းဟူေသာ ဥပညာသသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္းေကာင္း။
If a friendship is made on the basis of declared benefits - that "I shall bring you such-and-such new means and I shall rely on your bringing me comparable benefits" then this is the pa¥ikāra (reciprocal) form of the sandhi guna.
ကၽြႏု္ပ္ကသင့္အား မည္ကဲ့သုိ႔ေသာအက်ိဳးစီးပြါးကုိ ရြက္ေဆာင္ဖူးပါသည္၊ ကၽြႏု္ပ္ေက်းဇူးျပဳခဲ့ဖူးသည္ကုိ ေထာက္၍ ကၽြႏု္ပ္အားလည္း သင္က ေက်းဇူးျပဳေစ ခ်င္ပါသည္ ေျပာဆုိကာ အေစ့အစပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေသာ ပဋိကာရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္း ေကာင္း။
Making an alliance on the basis of associating with a certain king and stating the particular benefits that will arise from it and of taking steps to complete it is known as the samyoga (bond on even terms?) version of the sandhi guna.
မည္သည့္မင္းထံ၌ ေပါင္းဆုံေစ့စပ္ရလွ်င္ မည္သည့္အက်ိဳးကုိ ရလိမ့္မည္ ဟု ေျပာဆုိ၍တစ္စုံတစ္ခုေသာ အက်ိဳးကိစၥကုိ ေကာင္းစြာျပဳၿပီးလွ်င္ တစ္ေနရာ၌ သြားကာ ေစ့စပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္းဟူေသာ သံေယာဂသႏၶိဂုဏ္ လည္းေကာင္း။
When two army generals make an alliance in writing, each setting out his desires, this is known as the pūrisantara (between men) type of the sandhi guna.
စစ္သူႀကီးနွစ္ေယာက္ အလုိရွိရာေျပာဆုိစာခ်ဳပ္၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ပုရိသ ႏၱရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
And "It is called aditthanara (the blind man's) guna when agreement is reached on such terms as 'you may go ahead and do whatever our enemy's leader requires and enter into a treaty with him on his terms, but our friendship still holds'".
သင္ရန္သူမင္း အလုိရွိရာကုိ ျပဳသမွ်လုိက္နာပါမည္၊ အလုိရွိသည္ကုိသာ စာခ်ဳပ္ေရးသား ခ်ဳပ္ဆုိပါေတာ့၊ သေဘာတူပါမည္ ဆုိ၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း အဒိ႒ နရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making an agreement by transferring by treaty a quarter of the country is the adittha form of the sandhi guna.
နုိင္ငံတစ္စိတ္တစ္ေဒသကုိ စာခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေပး၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း အဒိ႒သႏၶိ ဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Handing over one's whole army to the enemy and so making an alliance is called the attamisa (mingled selves?) version of the sandhi guna.
မိမိစစ္သည္အားလုံးကုိ ရန္သူသုိ႔အပ္ႏွင္း၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း အတၱမိသသ ႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making an agreement to hand over one's entire wealth to be dealt with at will, only one's life to be spared, is known as the upeggāha (?) type of the sandhi guna.
အသက္ကုိေစာင့္ေရွာက္ျခင္းငွာ အသက္ကုိသာခ်မ္းသာေပးပါ၊ အလုိရွိ သမွ်ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိယူပါဟု ပစၥည္းဥစၥာ အားလုံးကုိေပး၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ဥေပဂၢါ ဟသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Handing over a quarter, a half or even the whole of the wealth that is in your granaries and your stores and so coming to agreement is called the parikkhāra (equipment) type of the sandhi guna.
က်ီ၊ၾက၊တုိက္ေတာ္တု႔ိ၌ရွိေသာဥစၥာပစၥည္းအစိပ္အ၀က္ကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ အလုံး စုံကုိလည္းေကာင္းေပး၍ ေစ့စပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း ပရိကၡာရသႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making the agreement by giving away the taxes and profits arising from the richest lands is called the ucchinna (break-up) form of the sandhi guna.
နုိင္ငံ၌အခြန္အဆီထြက္ေသာ ေကာင္းရာအရပ္ကုိေပး၍ ေစ့စပ္မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း ဥစၧိႏၷ သႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Besides this, there is the giving away the whole tax revenue of the country to reach agreement, which is the paribhūsana (use and enjoyment?) form of the sandhi guna.
ထုိမွတစ္ပါး၊ နုိင္ငံကထြက္သမွ်အခြန္ကုိ ေပး၍ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ပရိဘူသနသႏၶိ ဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Making an agreement to serve and oversee the separate movement of tax collections in each year is the khandhāpanaya (mass leading forward?) form of the sandhi guna.
တစ္ႏွစ္လွ်င္မည္၍မည္မွ်ေပးပါမည္ ပုိင္းျခား၍၊ ပုိင္းျခားရအခြန္ကုိ ထမ္းေဆာင္ ၾကပ္မတ္ေပးသြင္းရေသာ မိတ္ဖြဲ႔ေစ့စပ္ျခင္း ခႏၶာပနယ သႏၶိဂုဏ္လည္းေကာင္း။
Thus the sandhi guna has sixteen separate forms, so it is said, and thus scholars call it sixteen-fold.
ဤသုိ႔ သႏၶိဂုဏ္ကုိ ဆယ့္ေျခာက္ပါးျပား၏ဟု သႏၶိကုိသိကုန္ေသာ ပညာရွိတုိ႔ သည္ ဆုိကုန္၏။
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