(2). The device of giving away (Dāna)
The dāna upāya also has five separate modes, described in the Kamandaki Nīti and in the Abhidhanappadipika commentary as follows:
´ဒါန´ဥပါယ္လည္း ငါးပါးအျပားရွိ၏ဟု ကာမႏၵကီနီတိက်မ္း ႏွင့္ အဘိဓါန္ဋီကာ တုိ႔တြင္ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း ဆုိ၏။
That is to say: Relinquishing or handing over whatever has been won, cities or wealth, great, medium or small; the making of a return gift; giving praise to one who wishes to exchange something of yours for something of his, saying that you would be delighted to do it; giving away a special, novel and unique material for use and accepting whatever he who wants it has brought; releasing a debt that should be paid - these are the five modes of the dāna upāya.
အယုတ္၊အလတ္၊အျမတ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ေရာက္ၿပီးရၿပီးေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာ၊ ဥစၥာကုိစြန္႔ လႊတ္ေပးကမ္းျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ထုိမွတစ္ပါး တု႔ံျပန္၍ေပးျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိ၏ဥစၥာပစၥည္း တစ္စုံတစ္ခုကုိယူေသာ သူအား သင္ အခုလုိ လက္ခံယူငင္ သည္ကုိ ငါ၀မ္းေျမာက္ပါ၏ဟု ခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ မျဖစ္မေပၚဘူးေသာ အထူးအဆန္း အသစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ အသုံးအေဆာင္ အထည္အလိပ္တစ္ခုခုကုိ လက္ ေဆာင္ေပးျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ေပးလုိသူ ကုိယ္တုိင္ ယူေစျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ေပးထိုက္ေသာေႁကြးၿမီကုိ ေလွ်ာ္ပစ္ျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤသုိ႔ ´ဒါန´ ဥပါယ္ကုိ ငါးပါး အျပားရွိ၏ဟု သိအပ္၏။
This upāya is to be used if there is an enemy of equal power who intends to attack you; or if there is one of greater power.
အင္အားတူလွ်က္ လုိခ်င္မက္ေမာတတ္ေသာ ရန္သူကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ကုိယ့္ထက္အင္အားႀကီးေသာ ရန္သူကုိ လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤ´ဒါန´ဥပါယ္ျဖင့္ အသုံးခ်အပ္၏။
Among the five modes, that of making an immediate grant of something and that of voluntarily granting something when a desire for it has been expressed - these two are particularly useful.
ဤငါးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္စုံတစ္ခုေသာအထူးအဆန္း၀တၳဳကုိ တုိက္ရုိက္ေပး ျခင္း၊ အထူးအဆန္း အသစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ၀တၳဳကုိ ေပးလုိေသာသူေရွ႕၌ လုိခ်င္ေအာင္ ျပသေျပာဆုိၿပီး ကုိယ္တုိင္ယူေစျခင္း၊ ဤႏွစ္ပါးကုိ အဂၤါတစ္ခုဟု ယူမွတ္ရမည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာ ဋီကာ၊ ၂။ ဘူက႑၊ ၄။ စတုဗၺဏ္ဏ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏွာ-၂၄၃
The dāna upāya also has five separate modes, described in the Kamandaki Nīti and in the Abhidhanappadipika commentary as follows:
´ဒါန´ဥပါယ္လည္း ငါးပါးအျပားရွိ၏ဟု ကာမႏၵကီနီတိက်မ္း ႏွင့္ အဘိဓါန္ဋီကာ တုိ႔တြင္ ေအာက္ပါအတုိင္း ဆုိ၏။
That is to say: Relinquishing or handing over whatever has been won, cities or wealth, great, medium or small; the making of a return gift; giving praise to one who wishes to exchange something of yours for something of his, saying that you would be delighted to do it; giving away a special, novel and unique material for use and accepting whatever he who wants it has brought; releasing a debt that should be paid - these are the five modes of the dāna upāya.
အယုတ္၊အလတ္၊အျမတ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ေရာက္ၿပီးရၿပီးေသာ ၿမိဳ႕ရြာ၊ ဥစၥာကုိစြန္႔ လႊတ္ေပးကမ္းျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ထုိမွတစ္ပါး တု႔ံျပန္၍ေပးျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိ၏ဥစၥာပစၥည္း တစ္စုံတစ္ခုကုိယူေသာ သူအား သင္ အခုလုိ လက္ခံယူငင္ သည္ကုိ ငါ၀မ္းေျမာက္ပါ၏ဟု ခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ မျဖစ္မေပၚဘူးေသာ အထူးအဆန္း အသစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ အသုံးအေဆာင္ အထည္အလိပ္တစ္ခုခုကုိ လက္ ေဆာင္ေပးျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ေပးလုိသူ ကုိယ္တုိင္ ယူေစျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ေပးထိုက္ေသာေႁကြးၿမီကုိ ေလွ်ာ္ပစ္ျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤသုိ႔ ´ဒါန´ ဥပါယ္ကုိ ငါးပါး အျပားရွိ၏ဟု သိအပ္၏။
This upāya is to be used if there is an enemy of equal power who intends to attack you; or if there is one of greater power.
အင္အားတူလွ်က္ လုိခ်င္မက္ေမာတတ္ေသာ ရန္သူကုိလည္းေကာင္း၊ ကုိယ့္ထက္အင္အားႀကီးေသာ ရန္သူကုိ လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဤ´ဒါန´ဥပါယ္ျဖင့္ အသုံးခ်အပ္၏။
Among the five modes, that of making an immediate grant of something and that of voluntarily granting something when a desire for it has been expressed - these two are particularly useful.
ဤငါးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္စုံတစ္ခုေသာအထူးအဆန္း၀တၳဳကုိ တုိက္ရုိက္ေပး ျခင္း၊ အထူးအဆန္း အသစ္ျဖစ္ေသာ ၀တၳဳကုိ ေပးလုိေသာသူေရွ႕၌ လုိခ်င္ေအာင္ ျပသေျပာဆုိၿပီး ကုိယ္တုိင္ယူေစျခင္း၊ ဤႏွစ္ပါးကုိ အဂၤါတစ္ခုဟု ယူမွတ္ရမည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာ ဋီကာ၊ ၂။ ဘူက႑၊ ၄။ စတုဗၺဏ္ဏ၀ဂၢ၊ ႏွာ-၂၄၃