(4). The device of punishment (Danda)
According to the texts, the danda upāya has three modes, thus:
ဒ႑ဥပါယ္ကုိလည္း သုံးပါးရွိ၏ဟု က်မ္းတုိ႔၌ဆုိ၏။
That is to say: People recognise as modes of the danda upāya, first, killing, whether openly done, or in secret; then, depriving him who is to be punished of his well-being or of his possessions; in addition and lastly, harassing him by generally confining and attacking him. The danda upāya then is said to have three modes.
အထင္အရွားတုိက္ခုိက္သတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္း၊ လွ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္တုိက္ခုိက္သတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္း လည္းေကာင္း။ ႏွိပ္စက္လုိ ဒဏ္ေပး လုိေသာသူ၏ အက်ိဳးစီးပြါး၊ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိ သိမ္းယူျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း။ ထုိ႔အတူသာလွ်င္၊ ေႏွာင္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း၊ ရုိက္ႏွက္ ျခင္း အစရွိ သည္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ပင္ပန္းေစျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း။ဤသုိ႔´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္အစီအရင္ကုိ သိကုန္ေသာသူတုိ႔ သည္ ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္ကုိ သုံးပါးအျပားရွိ၏ဟု သမုတ္အပ္ကုန္၏။
Of these three modes, killing is referred to as vadha and openly killing is pakāsavadha, while secret killing is apakāsavadha. This mode of the upāya serves to dominate an enemy who is to be conquered by insulting him and putting him in fear.
ဤသုံးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ သတ္ျခင္း၀ဓမည္ေသာ ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္သည္ကား … အ ထင္အရွားသတ္ျခင္း ´ပကာသ၀ဓ´၊ လွ်ိဳ႕သတ္ျခင္း´အပကာသ၀ဓ´ဟု ႏွစ္ပါး အျပားရွိ၏။ ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္ဟူသည္ကား… ႏိုင္နင္းေလာက္ ေသာရန္သူ ကုိ ေစာ္ကား ရုိင္းပ်ရာမွာ ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ေအာင္ ႏွိမ္နင္း ဖ်က္ဆီးဒဏ္ေပးျခင္းတည္း။
In the use of the danda upāya, the punishment delivered must be proportional to the offence - he who deserves death is killed - he who deserves deprivation of property is deprived - one whom it is right to bind and beat is attacked or imprisoned. In this way, action must correspond to the offence.
ဤ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္အရာ၌-ေပးသင့္ေပးထုိက္ေသာအျပစ္အားေလွ်ာ္စြာသာ ေပးရမည္။သတ္သင့္သူကုိသတ္။ ဥစၥာပစၥည္း သိမ္းသင့္သူကုိ သိမ္း။ေႏွာင္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း၊ ရုိက္ႏွက္ျခင္း၊ေထာင္တန္းအက်ၪ္းထားျခင္း ျပဳသင့္သူကုိျပဳ။ ဤသုိ႔အျပစ္အား ေလွ်ာ္စြာျပဳရာသည္။
It is not right to inflict punishment on one who gives no offence, whether from relying on the word of another, or from accepting a bribe from another, or in accordance with one's own private grudge.
အျပစ္မရွိသူကုိလည္း အျခားသူတုိ႔ေျပာစကားကုိ ယုံၾကည္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ အျခားသူတုိ႔ေပးေသာ လက္ေဆာင္ ပဏ္ဏာကုိယူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိအေလ်ာက္ ေဒါသအမ်က္ထြက္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ဒဏ္မေပးသင့္။
You may ask why? It is because if punishment is inflicted on one who does not deserve it, he who is so punished will get it back ten times over.
အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္နည္းဟူမူ-ျပစ္ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးလွ်င္ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာသူသုိ႔ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ ဆယ္ပါး ျပန္၍ေရာက္တတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္တည္း။
King Kosala captured five hundred brigands who had taken a thousand pieces of money from heretics to kill Moggalāna, but when the Lord heard of their being killed he said "Because of this punishment that has been given to the five hundred robbers who killed my dear son, Moggalāna, there is a ten-fold penalty to be paid." So the story is told in the Dhammapada scripture.
တိတၳိတုိ႔ေပးေသာအသျပာတစ္ေထာင္ကုိယူ၍ အရွင္ေမာဂၢလာန္ကုိသတ္ ေသာခုိးသားငါးရာကုိ ေကာသလမင္း ႀကီးက ဖမ္းဆီးကာ ယင္းတုိ႔သတ္ေၾကာင္း ကုိ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားၾကားေတာ္လွ်င္ ခ်စ္သားေမာဂၢလာန္ကုိ ခုိးသား ငါးရာတုိ႔က ဒဏ္ေပးေသာေၾကာင့္ ဤခုိးသားငါးရာတုိ႔၌ ဒဏ္ဆယ္ပါးေရာက္သည္ဟု ဓမၼပဒ ပါဠိေတာ္တြင္ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
He who does harm with weapons to those who are harmless and should not be harmed will soon come to any of these ten evil consequences:
မျပစ္မွားအပ္ကုန္ေသာ၊ ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္ကုန္ေသာပုဂၢိဳလ္တုိ႔၌ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးကာ ျပစ္မွားေသာသူသည္ ဆုိလတၱံ႕ ေသာျပစ္ဒဏ္ဆယ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္စုံတစ္ခုေသာ ျပစ္ဒ ဏ္သုိ႔ လွ်င္စြာသာလွ်င္ ေရာက္တတ္၏။
He will be subject to severe pain, or impoverishment, or injury to the body (i.e., loss of limbs), or serious illness (e.g., leprosy), or lunacy, or misfortunes following the wrath of the king, or wrongful and serious accusations, or loss of relatives, or destruction of wealth, or the burning down of his houses by fire or by lightning. After the dissolution of his body, the fool will be reborn in the plane of continuous suffering (niraya).
ၾကမ္းတမ္းေသာေရာဂါေ၀ဒနာသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ ပစၥည္းဥစၥာဆုံးရႈံးျခင္းသုိ႔ လည္းေကာင္း။ ကုိယ္ခႏၶာက်ိဳးပဲ့ ပ်က္စီးသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ ျပင္းထန္ေသာ အနာဆုိးျဖစ္ ျခင္းသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း ေရာက္တတ္ျဖစ္တတ္၏။ မင္းေဘးမင္းဒဏ္သုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ ျပင္းထန္ေသာမဟုတ္မမွန္ စြပ္စြဲျခင္းသုိ႔လည္း ေကာင္း။ ေဆြမ်ိဳးမိတ္သဂၤဟ တုိ႔ ကုန္ခန္းသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ စည္းစိမ္ဥစၥာ ပ်က္စီးသုိ႔ လည္းေကာင္း ေရာက္တတ္၏။ ထုိမွတစ္ပါး၊ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာသူ၏ အိမ္ရာတုိ႔ကုိ တလင္းျဖစ္ ေအာင္သုတ္သင္တတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ပါ၀ကမည္ေသာမီး ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းတတ္၏။ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ ထုိက္သည္ မထုိက္သည္ကုိဆင္ျခင္နုိင္ေသာ ပညာမရွိေသာ၊ ျပစ္ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာသူသည္ ကုိယ္ခႏၶာပ်က္ေႁကြစုေတၿပီးေနာက္ ငရဲသုိ႔ေရာက္ရ၏။
Besides all this, one who punishes where no punishment is people, kings and their ministers in power, more than anyone else, must consider such matters carefully.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာအေသာအရာကုိ အလြန္စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္အပ္၏။ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အစုိးရ၊မင္း၊ မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ မ်ားစြာေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးနုိင္ ေသာေၾကာင့္ သာလြန္၍စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္အပ္၏။
There are six matters that kings and ministers have to think about carefully: 1. Rewards 2.Punishments 3.Blame 4.Praise 5. Demotions 6. promotions.
(၁) ဆုေပးျခင္း၊ (၂) ျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္ျခင္း၊ (၃) ကဲ့ရဲ႕ျခင္း၊ (၄) ခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း၊ (၅) ႏွိမ္ခ်ျခင္း၊ (၆) ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ျခင္း-ဤေျခာက္ပါးေသာအရာတုိ႔၌ အစုိးရ၊ မင္း၊ မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ သည္ အလြန္စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္အပ္၏။
If one who does not deserve punishment is punished, not only will the punisher incur the Ten Punishments of which we have spoken in the gāthā above, but he will be hated by all who hear of it.
ျပစ္ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္လွ်င္ ဆုိခဲ့ေသာျပစ္ဒဏ္ဆယ္ပါးေရာက္ သည္သာမက ၾကားျမင္သမွ် လူတုိ႔ကလည္း ထုိျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္သူကုိ အလြန္မုန္းထား ျခင္း ျဖစ္တတ္သည္။
If, again, one who does not deserve it is rewarded, those of the like ability will be discouraged.
ဆုမေပးသင့္သူကုိ ဆုေပးျပန္လွ်င္လည္း အရည္တူလူတုိ႔ စိတ္ပ်က္တတ္သည္။
It is the same with blame and praise, demotion and promotion, and this must be kept in mind.
ကဲ့ရဲ႕ျခင္း၊ခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း၊ ႏွိမ္ခ်ျခင္း၊ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ျခင္းတုိ႔ကုိလည္း ဤနည္းအတူ ႏွလုံး သြင္းအပ္၏။
It is said, therefore, Rājā na sādhu anisammakārī, which is to say "A king who hands out punishments without thought and consideration, along with the rest of the Six, is no good king."
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္။ ။´ရာဇာ န သာဓု အနိသမၼကာရီ´ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးျခင္းအစရွိေသာ ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔ကုိ မဆင္မျခင္ မၾကည့္ မရႈျပဳေလ့ရွိေသာမင္းသည္ မေကာင္း။ ဟူ၍ေဟာ ေတာ္မူသည္။
က်မ္းကုိး ...
အဘိဓါနပၸဒီပိကာ ဋီကာ၊ ၂။ ဘူက႑၊ ၄။ စတုဗၺဏ္ဏ၀ဂၢ ႏွာ-၂၄၂
ဓမၼပဒပါဠိေတာ္၊ ၁၀။ဒ႑၀ဂၢ၊ ဂါထာ ၁၃၇။ ႏွာ-၃၃
(ပ) ဇာတကပါဠိေတာ္။ စတုကၠနိပါတ၊ ၃၃၂။ ရထလ႒ိဇာတ္ ႏွာ-၁-၁၀၉
According to the texts, the danda upāya has three modes, thus:
ဒ႑ဥပါယ္ကုိလည္း သုံးပါးရွိ၏ဟု က်မ္းတုိ႔၌ဆုိ၏။
That is to say: People recognise as modes of the danda upāya, first, killing, whether openly done, or in secret; then, depriving him who is to be punished of his well-being or of his possessions; in addition and lastly, harassing him by generally confining and attacking him. The danda upāya then is said to have three modes.
အထင္အရွားတုိက္ခုိက္သတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္း၊ လွ်ိဳ႕၀ွက္တုိက္ခုိက္သတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္း လည္းေကာင္း။ ႏွိပ္စက္လုိ ဒဏ္ေပး လုိေသာသူ၏ အက်ိဳးစီးပြါး၊ ဥစၥာပစၥည္းကုိ သိမ္းယူျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း။ ထုိ႔အတူသာလွ်င္၊ ေႏွာင္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း၊ ရုိက္ႏွက္ ျခင္း အစရွိ သည္တုိ႔ျဖင့္ ပင္ပန္းေစျခင္းလည္းေကာင္း။ဤသုိ႔´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္အစီအရင္ကုိ သိကုန္ေသာသူတုိ႔ သည္ ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္ကုိ သုံးပါးအျပားရွိ၏ဟု သမုတ္အပ္ကုန္၏။
Of these three modes, killing is referred to as vadha and openly killing is pakāsavadha, while secret killing is apakāsavadha. This mode of the upāya serves to dominate an enemy who is to be conquered by insulting him and putting him in fear.
ဤသုံးပါးတုိ႔တြင္ သတ္ျခင္း၀ဓမည္ေသာ ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္သည္ကား … အ ထင္အရွားသတ္ျခင္း ´ပကာသ၀ဓ´၊ လွ်ိဳ႕သတ္ျခင္း´အပကာသ၀ဓ´ဟု ႏွစ္ပါး အျပားရွိ၏။ ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္ဟူသည္ကား… ႏိုင္နင္းေလာက္ ေသာရန္သူ ကုိ ေစာ္ကား ရုိင္းပ်ရာမွာ ေၾကာက္ရြံ႕ေအာင္ ႏွိမ္နင္း ဖ်က္ဆီးဒဏ္ေပးျခင္းတည္း။
In the use of the danda upāya, the punishment delivered must be proportional to the offence - he who deserves death is killed - he who deserves deprivation of property is deprived - one whom it is right to bind and beat is attacked or imprisoned. In this way, action must correspond to the offence.
ဤ´ဒ႑´ဥပါယ္အရာ၌-ေပးသင့္ေပးထုိက္ေသာအျပစ္အားေလွ်ာ္စြာသာ ေပးရမည္။သတ္သင့္သူကုိသတ္။ ဥစၥာပစၥည္း သိမ္းသင့္သူကုိ သိမ္း။ေႏွာင္ဖြဲ႔ျခင္း၊ ရုိက္ႏွက္ျခင္း၊ေထာင္တန္းအက်ၪ္းထားျခင္း ျပဳသင့္သူကုိျပဳ။ ဤသုိ႔အျပစ္အား ေလွ်ာ္စြာျပဳရာသည္။
It is not right to inflict punishment on one who gives no offence, whether from relying on the word of another, or from accepting a bribe from another, or in accordance with one's own private grudge.
အျပစ္မရွိသူကုိလည္း အျခားသူတုိ႔ေျပာစကားကုိ ယုံၾကည္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ အျခားသူတုိ႔ေပးေသာ လက္ေဆာင္ ပဏ္ဏာကုိယူ၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ မိမိအေလ်ာက္ ေဒါသအမ်က္ထြက္၍လည္းေကာင္း၊ ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ဒဏ္မေပးသင့္။
You may ask why? It is because if punishment is inflicted on one who does not deserve it, he who is so punished will get it back ten times over.
အဘယ့္ေၾကာင့္နည္းဟူမူ-ျပစ္ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးလွ်င္ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာသူသုိ႔ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ ဆယ္ပါး ျပန္၍ေရာက္တတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္တည္း။
King Kosala captured five hundred brigands who had taken a thousand pieces of money from heretics to kill Moggalāna, but when the Lord heard of their being killed he said "Because of this punishment that has been given to the five hundred robbers who killed my dear son, Moggalāna, there is a ten-fold penalty to be paid." So the story is told in the Dhammapada scripture.
တိတၳိတုိ႔ေပးေသာအသျပာတစ္ေထာင္ကုိယူ၍ အရွင္ေမာဂၢလာန္ကုိသတ္ ေသာခုိးသားငါးရာကုိ ေကာသလမင္း ႀကီးက ဖမ္းဆီးကာ ယင္းတုိ႔သတ္ေၾကာင္း ကုိ ျမတ္စြာဘုရားၾကားေတာ္လွ်င္ ခ်စ္သားေမာဂၢလာန္ကုိ ခုိးသား ငါးရာတုိ႔က ဒဏ္ေပးေသာေၾကာင့္ ဤခုိးသားငါးရာတုိ႔၌ ဒဏ္ဆယ္ပါးေရာက္သည္ဟု ဓမၼပဒ ပါဠိေတာ္တြင္ ဤသုိ႔ေဟာေတာ္မူသည္။
He who does harm with weapons to those who are harmless and should not be harmed will soon come to any of these ten evil consequences:
မျပစ္မွားအပ္ကုန္ေသာ၊ ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္ကုန္ေသာပုဂၢိဳလ္တုိ႔၌ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးကာ ျပစ္မွားေသာသူသည္ ဆုိလတၱံ႕ ေသာျပစ္ဒဏ္ဆယ္ပါးတုိ႔တြင္ တစ္စုံတစ္ခုေသာ ျပစ္ဒ ဏ္သုိ႔ လွ်င္စြာသာလွ်င္ ေရာက္တတ္၏။
He will be subject to severe pain, or impoverishment, or injury to the body (i.e., loss of limbs), or serious illness (e.g., leprosy), or lunacy, or misfortunes following the wrath of the king, or wrongful and serious accusations, or loss of relatives, or destruction of wealth, or the burning down of his houses by fire or by lightning. After the dissolution of his body, the fool will be reborn in the plane of continuous suffering (niraya).
ၾကမ္းတမ္းေသာေရာဂါေ၀ဒနာသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ ပစၥည္းဥစၥာဆုံးရႈံးျခင္းသုိ႔ လည္းေကာင္း။ ကုိယ္ခႏၶာက်ိဳးပဲ့ ပ်က္စီးသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ ျပင္းထန္ေသာ အနာဆုိးျဖစ္ ျခင္းသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း ေရာက္တတ္ျဖစ္တတ္၏။ မင္းေဘးမင္းဒဏ္သုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ ျပင္းထန္ေသာမဟုတ္မမွန္ စြပ္စြဲျခင္းသုိ႔လည္း ေကာင္း။ ေဆြမ်ိဳးမိတ္သဂၤဟ တုိ႔ ကုန္ခန္းသုိ႔လည္းေကာင္း။ စည္းစိမ္ဥစၥာ ပ်က္စီးသုိ႔ လည္းေကာင္း ေရာက္တတ္၏။ ထုိမွတစ္ပါး၊ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာသူ၏ အိမ္ရာတုိ႔ကုိ တလင္းျဖစ္ ေအာင္သုတ္သင္တတ္ေသာေၾကာင့္ ပါ၀ကမည္ေသာမီး ေလာင္ကၽြမ္းတတ္၏။ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ ထုိက္သည္ မထုိက္သည္ကုိဆင္ျခင္နုိင္ေသာ ပညာမရွိေသာ၊ ျပစ္ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာသူသည္ ကုိယ္ခႏၶာပ်က္ေႁကြစုေတၿပီးေနာက္ ငရဲသုိ႔ေရာက္ရ၏။
Besides all this, one who punishes where no punishment is people, kings and their ministers in power, more than anyone else, must consider such matters carefully.
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးေသာအေသာအရာကုိ အလြန္စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္အပ္၏။ အျခားသူမ်ားထက္ အစုိးရ၊မင္း၊ မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔သည္ မ်ားစြာေသာသူတုိ႔ကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးနုိင္ ေသာေၾကာင့္ သာလြန္၍စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္အပ္၏။
There are six matters that kings and ministers have to think about carefully: 1. Rewards 2.Punishments 3.Blame 4.Praise 5. Demotions 6. promotions.
(၁) ဆုေပးျခင္း၊ (၂) ျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္ျခင္း၊ (၃) ကဲ့ရဲ႕ျခင္း၊ (၄) ခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း၊ (၅) ႏွိမ္ခ်ျခင္း၊ (၆) ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ျခင္း-ဤေျခာက္ပါးေသာအရာတုိ႔၌ အစုိးရ၊ မင္း၊ မွဴးမတ္တုိ႔ သည္ အလြန္စဥ္းစားဆင္ျခင္အပ္၏။
If one who does not deserve punishment is punished, not only will the punisher incur the Ten Punishments of which we have spoken in the gāthā above, but he will be hated by all who hear of it.
ျပစ္ဒဏ္မေပးထုိက္သူကုိ ျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္လွ်င္ ဆုိခဲ့ေသာျပစ္ဒဏ္ဆယ္ပါးေရာက္ သည္သာမက ၾကားျမင္သမွ် လူတုိ႔ကလည္း ထုိျပစ္ဒဏ္ခ်မွတ္သူကုိ အလြန္မုန္းထား ျခင္း ျဖစ္တတ္သည္။
If, again, one who does not deserve it is rewarded, those of the like ability will be discouraged.
ဆုမေပးသင့္သူကုိ ဆုေပးျပန္လွ်င္လည္း အရည္တူလူတုိ႔ စိတ္ပ်က္တတ္သည္။
It is the same with blame and praise, demotion and promotion, and this must be kept in mind.
ကဲ့ရဲ႕ျခင္း၊ခ်ီးမြမ္းျခင္း၊ ႏွိမ္ခ်ျခင္း၊ခ်ီးေျမွာက္ျခင္းတုိ႔ကုိလည္း ဤနည္းအတူ ႏွလုံး သြင္းအပ္၏။
It is said, therefore, Rājā na sādhu anisammakārī, which is to say "A king who hands out punishments without thought and consideration, along with the rest of the Six, is no good king."
ထုိ႔ေၾကာင့္။ ။´ရာဇာ န သာဓု အနိသမၼကာရီ´ျပစ္ဒဏ္ေပးျခင္းအစရွိေသာ ေျခာက္ပါးတုိ႔ကုိ မဆင္မျခင္ မၾကည့္ မရႈျပဳေလ့ရွိေသာမင္းသည္ မေကာင္း။ ဟူ၍ေဟာ ေတာ္မူသည္။
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